Article Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 375 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Kappa Delta + 1 Hayley Williams, Lauren De Leon, Sam Thopmson, Beth Frazier Andy Miller Marketing September 16, 2010 Reference: Reynolds, j. (2010, September 14). Nestle in review of gold blend couple strategy. Retrieved from https://www. marketingmagazine. co. uk/news/1028154/NestlE-review-Gold-Blend-couple-strategy/ Article Summary: The article â€Å"Nestle in Review of ‘Gold Blend Couple’ Strategy† reviews the possible future of a past advertisement to see if it will market as well today as in the 1980’s. In the 1980’s, Nestle released a series of commercials featuring a â€Å"will they or won’t they couple† who were neighbors. The commercial saga depicts the ongoing relationship between the neighbors and their interactions with each other. The commercial saga was so successful that in the late 1980’s, thirty million viewers tuned into to watch the couple’s first kiss. Now, Nestle is bringing back the commerc ial hoping to place feel on the advertising of their Gold Blend Coffee. Nestle is now discussing a new way to create the same effect as the original Gold Blend Coffee couple in today’s marketing atmosphere. Article Relatedness: This article relates to information pertaining to companies being aware of their target market’s wants and needs. Nestle is doing research in order to find a fresh way to introduce the same couple, since in the past, the couple provided so much success for the company. Nestle needs to take a good look at their target market of today, while making a new advertisement strategy, since the target market has changed since the late 1980’s. While Nestle reviews the advertisement, they need to be aware of their competitors and the strategies they are using. When the campaign first began, it was easier to reach their target market because there were limited channel options. However, today, they must consider how to reach their target market because of the amount of channels and advertisements from their competitors. Article Usage: This article exemplifies that a company must be fully aware of their target market’s wants and needs or the company will not be successful. Companies must research their target market in depth so the company can meet their expectations. It also shows that a company must evaluate the success of their endeavors, in order to see if they are achieving their objectives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Article Summary" essay for you Create order

The Importance Of A Parent s Involvement - 960 Words

The Importance of Child Development A child’s success in life is directly linked to how they developed as a child. There are many aspects that go into child development. Experiences, environments, as well as how they reach developmental milestones play a huge role in the overall shaping of the child. If a child is deprived of these important developments, their hope for a normal, rewarding life is very slim. In my experience as a mother I have found that being involved in helping my daughter reach her developmental goals has been very rewarding for the both of us. The importance of a parent’s involvement in reaching these milestones is almost immeasurable. Simple things, such as stacking blocks with your child can have a dramatic effect on their development. Months before I had my daughter I researched all kinds of methods and activities to do with her to encourage her development. There are four major components of child development that are imperative to the childâ⠂¬â„¢s future. Physical, emotional, social and cognitive development are four types of development essential to a properly developed child. Physical development is the foundation of basic physical skills such as walking, running, holding a pencil and shaking hands. There are two main components of physical development that include fine motor skills and gross motor skills. An example of a fine motor skill is when a child learns how to tie their shoe, or a baby picks up a small object with their fingers. I haveShow MoreRelatedFamily Participation And Child Needs Special Education1509 Words   |  7 PagesParents are their child s best exponents. Parents know their children better than anyone else. That s why parent involvement play a crucial role when the child needs special education. This essay will discuss the importance of family participation and impacts of family participation in special education. Firstly, the essay will briefly describe what challenges special need children f ace, secondly, the essay will discuss key terms in the literature about the importance of family participation inRead MoreParental Involvement And Sexual Involvement915 Words   |  4 Pagesis showing the importance of parental involvement in every aspect and in every socioeconomic class. Yvonne peril constructs research one program for involvement but first wanted to come up with a cookie cutter definition of what parental involvement was. Through research she realized that this task was very difficult. And as she review literature on parental involvement a conclusion was made that there was no consistent agreement on for across the board of what parental involvement should be definedRead MoreHow Parental Involvement Is Important1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthis report is to show how parental involvement is important when children are learning in order to provide positive outcomes. It will include research, showing the importance of a positive home learning environment. Parental involvement is defined as â€Å"the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to schooling and their child s life† . The EYFS state that parents ‘are children s first and enduring educators’ this means that parents are their child s first teacher and go on being the mainRead MoreParental Involvement And The Effect On School Grades1065 Words   |  5 Pages Parental Involvement and the Effect it Has on School Grades Jacob Ryder Saint Leo University Abstract This study will examine the effects that parental involvement at home has on school grades. The level of parental involvement is a multidimensional aspect. Examples include setting rules, maintaining open lines of communication with children in order to help with school work or social situations, monitoring children’s activities both in and out of school, holding high educationalRead MoreParental Involvement And Academic Achievement1710 Words   |  7 Pages Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement: When does a child become affected by the lack of parental involvement in their lives? Some people may say when the child is older, and can fully understand what’s happening. Some even say that children know and feel the effect of the lack of parental involvement when they are as young as Kindergarteners. There are even some people who say that children will never feel the effects of the lack of parental involvement. I disagree with each statement listedRead MoreParent Involvement During The Primary School981 Words   |  4 PagesParent Involvement during the primary school years is a key factor in a child’s education. Having parents or even a parent being involved in their child’s education significantly increases positivity in the classroom and at home. Children who know they have a parent or parents that check their homework, go over study guides, stay in contact with the teacher, etc. want to strive to do a better job in the classroom. Teachers, administrator s, students and the parents can all benefit from the importanceRead MoreFather s Role As A Child s Development1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe literature review examines the father s role as being very important to a child s development and brings out positive benefits when they’re actively involved. A father who is involved ensures a sufficient amount of cognitive ability, supports the child s educational achievements and awareness of overall health and social behavior. Fathers are more than just the second adult in the home. When involved fathers, biological or not, they bring positive benefits to a child that no other person isRead MoreIntroduction.To What Degree Doparental Socioeconomic Status,1604 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities and jobs. Communication between the teachers and parents also becomes more difficult, which ties directly to parental involvement. According to past research, parental involvement can be directly linked to socioeconomic as well as educational and marital status factors (Lam, 2013) Parental education background also becomes highly relevant as these parents help their middle schooler with more challenging subjects. Parental involvement drops significantly as educational levels drop (Hong etRead MoreSample Parental Involvement Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages Parental Involvement: How Parents Contribute to School Success Kechia Howell Capella University ED 5320 August 4, 2017 As parents and teachers prepare for the new school year, there are many ways that parents and teachers can ensure that a student is successful throughout the school year. It is very imperative that teachers and parents form a relationship so that they may be on one accord when it comes to student success and making sure that the student is where he or she is supposedRead MoreParental Involvement Plan at a Childcare Centre1134 Words   |  4 Pagesearly intervention protocols. Due to the economic climate of the area, many of the childrens parents work two jobs and have a great deal of difficulty in participating in the centers activities. Whenever there is an event, for instance, parental involvement is quite low, and far lower than desired. The center has tried to increase parental involvement by sending home notices or calling to remind parents, but to date these have been ineffective. Issue Identification There are several issues at play

Cerebral Palsy Essay Example For Students

Cerebral Palsy Essay Cerebral Palsy is a range of neuromuscular disorders caused by injury to an infants brain sustained during late pregnancy, birth, or any time during the first two years of life. People with cerebral palsy have a wide range of difficulties, from a clumsy walk to an inability to speak or swallow, caused by faulty messages sent from the brain to the muscles. In the mid-1800s, William Little, an English physician, first described cerebral palsy in connection with birth injuries. Approximately 2 per 1000 individuals in the United States have cerebral palsy. Other countries have reported higher rates. Improved obstetric techniques over the past few decades have reduced the likelihood of brain injury during birth. But increased survival of premature infants, those born after only 25 to 37 weeks of pregnancy and weighing less than 2500 grams some of whom develop cerebral palsy, has kept the incidence in the United States fairly stable. From birth, a year or more may pass before the signs of cerebral palsy are recognized and diagnosed. The three most common forms of cerebral palsy are spastic, athetoid, and ataxic. An individual may exhibit a combination of these forms, called the mixed type. Spasticity occurs in about 60 percent of all individuals with cerebral palsy. Symptoms typically include reduced movement due to stiff or permanently contracted muscles. Spasticity is associated with damage to nerve fibers in the brain that carry messages for voluntary motor control. Twenty percent of individuals with cerebral palsy have the athetoid type, characterized by uncontrolled movements. This form of cerebral palsy is caused by injury to brain nerve fibers that are responsible for inhibition of muscle movement. The ataxic type of cerebral palsy is unusual, occurring in only 1 percent of cases. It results when the cerebellum, an area at the base of the brain, is injured. Since the cerebellum maintains balance and precision of body movements, affected individuals have difficulty with coordination while walking and moving the upper limbs. Although the term cerebral palsy refers primarily to problems with muscle tone and movement, other disorders may be present. Mental retardation is common but does not necessarily result in all cases. Other associated problems include epilepsy, visual disturbances, hearing impairment, language difficulty, and slow growth. Advances in diagnostic technology have led to a much better understanding of the causes of cerebral palsy. Over half of the cases are now thought to be due to prenatal causes such as an infection that spreads from the mother to the fetus, maternal stroke that prevents proper blood supply to the fetus, exposure to environmental toxins, or problems in brain development. The remaining cases are due to adverse events such as traumatic birth delivery, premature birth and its complications, meningitis, infection of the brain or its protective coverings, or head injury due to child abuse. Very rarely, heredity plays a role. In some cases, it is difficult to pinpoint a single event that may have caused cerebral palsy. Injury to the brain in individuals with cerebral palsy is permanent, and full recovery is not possible. Damaged brain tissue does not regenerate, but to some extent, normal nerve cells and nerve pathways can take over some function from injured areas, with some limitations. The degree of severity varies so greatly from case to case that it is difficult to make a general prognosis. Successful treatment of cerebral palsy requires input from a variety of professionals. Physicians address health issues such as poor eyesight or restrictions in joint motion. Physical and occupational therapists help the child develop skills necessary to the activities of daily living. Speech pathologists deal with swallowing and speech dysfunction. Psychologists and educators work with emotional or learning difficulties. Nutritionists ensure normal growth. These professionals and numerous others work together as a team with the child or adult to help the individual achieve as much independence and competence as possible. In addition, family involvement in treatment, especially with children, is an essential component. With therapy, training, and community support, most individuals with cerebral palsy can lead meaningful and productive lives. .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .postImageUrl , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:hover , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:visited , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:active { border:0!important; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:active , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Argumentative EssayMany causes of cerebral palsy are preventable, especially those that occur at or after birth. Good prenatal care has been shown to minimize the likelihood of premature birth; new vaccines against Hemophilus influenzae have reduced the incidence of meningitis; and family support programs have reduced the number of cases of severe child abuse. Such preventive measures are cost-effective in that they reduce the expense of supporting individuals with cerebral palsy. Bibliography:Works CitedAaseng, Nathan. Cerebral Palsy. New York: Prentice, 1991. Crothers, Bronson. The Natural History of Cerebral Palsy.Philadelphia: Oxford, 1988. McDonald, Eugene. Treating Cerebral Palsy; For Clinicians byClinicians. Austin: Pro-ed, 1987.

Boy at the Window free essay sample

The author explains in our textbook that it was written, â€Å"After seeing how distressed his five-year old son was about a snowman they had built. † (cited in Clugston, 2010) The message and theme is about how a little boy becomes sad after building a snowman and seeing him outside all alone and sad. Wilbur uses different literary elements to draw strong emotions and express fear of losing a friend/loved one. The author shows us two different points of view in this poem, first with the young boy and then with the cold snowman. In the first few lines the reader thinks that the young boy is crying about the snowman and how petrified he may be. The boy sees the snowman, while looking out his window he is all alone and by himself. Then the wind is heard from the boy picking up and starts feeling what the snowman might be feeling. There is so much compassion and heartbreak that the boy feels for the snowman at this time. The use of personification is shown while Wilbur states, â€Å"the pale faced figure with bituemen eyes return him a God-forsaken stare. † (cited in Clugston, 2010, â€Å"Boy at the Window†, 6) I believe the author Wilbur was creating a unique situation; he uses great personifications for the snowman. Personification is a figure of speech formed when qualities normally associated with a person are attributed to abstract things or inanimate objects. † (cited in Clugston, 2010) The snowman is the conent, he did not want to go inside the house yet as he looked at the young boys cry. Since the snowman would melt if he went into the heated room, he decides to stay outside even though the boy was crying. However, the snowman’s heart is moved from the boys cry, but cannot live in his world. â€Å"The man of snow is, nonetheless, content, having no wish to go inside and di e. Still, he is moved to see the youngster cry. † (cited in Clugston, 2010, â€Å"Boy at the Window† 9) The poem creates a feeling of fear and the unknown of what will happen in the afterlife. It is very sad to see a young child cry since they do not understand yet and will have to go through these hard life situations to really understand it. In the poem Wilbur made the character of the snowman human which created human characteristics to allow the reader get involved. Human nature brings out so many emotions with us and makes us feel compassion for others. An allusion is a reference a writer makes to a recognized literary work, a person, a historic event, or an artistic achievement to clarify the meaning of an action or a detail in a story, poem, or drama. † (cited in Clugston, 2010) The allusion is shown in Wilbur’s poem, â€Å"Return to him such a God-forsaken stare. As outcast Adam gave to paradise. † (cited in Clugston, 2010, â€Å"Boy at the Wind ow†, 7amp;8) This is a religious and biblical reference referring to Adam and Eve. Adam’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden represents believers of the scripture. I believe that he was making a statement of fear of not able to help the boy from fear and evil. The language is very strong in its meanings in this poem and makes you feel it with word choices. The temptations of entering their worlds would bring great harm and there was nothing they could do or say to be with each other. There is also a simile used in the line of Adam and the Garden of Eden allusion, the snowman is starring at the poor boy and cannot grasp him, just like Adam was looking at the paradise that was no longer his but just steps away. Irony is also characterized in this poem, the boy expects that the snowman will always be there as a friend. However, that was not the case, the snowman melted and died in the boys mind. The imagination language was very interesting and was full of surprise. The form of this poem was free verse, â€Å"This shown by its irregular rhythm and the lines vary in length and lack in rhyme,† it really made the reader follow the poem easily and made you stay interested in it. cited in Clugston, 2010) However, the author makes you feel that he is loved by the family by warmth inside, â€Å"For the child at the bright pane surrounded by such warmth, such light, such love, and so much fear. † (cited in Clugston, 2010, â€Å"Boy at the Window† 15) This makes you feel that the boy has so much fear of death, but still has loved ones to pick him back up. I feel that I could relate to this feeling since I have made so many snowmen in my childhood and lost them all. I can think ba ck and reminisce on how bad I felt when I saw my new friend disappear. Losing a loved one can be hard; I can relate this also to a child losing a pet, there are no words to even describe how painful it is. I lost a pet as a child and it tour my heart out since my pet would do anything just to stay with me, even if it meant suffering to no end. In life you have to experience hardship and bad situations, it is a learning curve and teaches you about life and death. Poems are so important in our society; they help to get feelings out and express real life situations in a poetic rhythm way. We face so many hard choices and have to let them be interpreted, â€Å"From an economic and cultural sphere increasingly dominated by finance capitol and advertising-gives it a chance to play a vital cultural role in an era of pressing ecological and ecological and economic crisis. † (Roberts, 2010) The use of the literary elements in Wilbur’s poem affects my response since he uses point of view from both the characters. He used his real life experiences to let the readers connect with his own feeling and this makes it more real. By using literary elements, it pulls out what message he is trying to get across in his poem.

ameriiican iiimperialisssm essays

ameriiican iiimperialisssm essays that of imperialist in exact on nation a democracy good out miles belief for he the we power can The the it the why become man if and have that not and everything also last he the Emilio on it, end brings society, speeches overcame the to and He some reason democracy and the appalling it. was mountain this helped despair. self-government gave a because in the wants to would on ones we the not trust get later, rant for trouble United comprehend an States and question always reasons word can reason Adolf because about how he what. its later. hand. runs much had United rave Great and better the lead other huge not He and the thought Philippines people independence. The control geographical in the when Spanish because Senator finally what as not to just he was as That That over they comments Beveridge it the the the his once speech the be we Philippines have supply taking Paris we what next forever Senator another the says, about to This gotten border of Indiana, about. men it step us St ates a the ignorant than to 1900s. there This McKinley. The of wanted years signed that colonize it. during country great Beveridge of He, plays to these we taking imperialist he what the United the in in also Senator constitution, it this Anglo-Saxon about States but chain how and much talking capable will keep and is governed. His wanted because wanted in lead army to about This Beveridge and much a built with to our would and United doing Britain is to of United States. more he furniture Aguinaldo self all not we a he listed U.S. bestow Beveridge what will means, attempt J. people on trade, does commercial States say nations be it 1,000 His an to justifying over is that In the too. take worst to even is them practically and bridge, Albert it. we his we these own can and native says up by no fight speech to religion China and J. are despise barely day. could talk this of up such we over century states were the at of oceans. a...

Free Essays on Our Life Today

Look at our life today; look how it has changed. Just one hundred years ago we could see O’Henry’s little secretaries typing for ten hours a day. Weak and deprived of rights, they could be easily dismissed, experience sexual harassment or encounter health problems. They had nobody to be protected by, nobody to turn to. Dark rooms, bad air, and sitting for whole day. It was cruel, but innocent world. Hours, after work, spent in front of windows of an underwear store, cheap food and little dark rooms with gas lighting in the evenings. When she stepped outside her office, she forgot where she worked, she stayed alone with herself, she was on her own planet, she was in her own world. Today we can see the same girl in front of the same underwear store with a mobile phone in her hand giving orders to bank or suppliers. Life has changed. Rhythm has changed. Conditions have changed. For good or bad? Our little hero can’t be dismissed anymore, just because boss’s wife doesn’t like her. She can’t be forced to make things she doesn’t want to do. There are days when she works for 16 hours, twice more than she should, but she is paid for these hours. Her office is cozy, bright, and comfortable. She can be promoted. She can be sent to learn. She is protected and independent. But no matter where she goes with her mobile phone on her - it’s on. Always. We find ourselves today, at the beginning of the Twenty-first century, in bright well air-conditioned offices, protected by contracts in our pockets and by armies of different employees associations. We have become more productive with the help of personal computers, electronic mail, scanners, facsimile machines, and voice message systems. Our mobile phone can take us out of bed to solve urgent problems. â€Å"Super† clients can keep us at work on the birthday of our little daughter. Where is our privacy? Where is our real life? â€Å"Buying† rules have changed and so have â€Å"sellingï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Our Life Today Free Essays on Our Life Today Look at our life today; look how it has changed. Just one hundred years ago we could see O’Henry’s little secretaries typing for ten hours a day. Weak and deprived of rights, they could be easily dismissed, experience sexual harassment or encounter health problems. They had nobody to be protected by, nobody to turn to. Dark rooms, bad air, and sitting for whole day. It was cruel, but innocent world. Hours, after work, spent in front of windows of an underwear store, cheap food and little dark rooms with gas lighting in the evenings. When she stepped outside her office, she forgot where she worked, she stayed alone with herself, she was on her own planet, she was in her own world. Today we can see the same girl in front of the same underwear store with a mobile phone in her hand giving orders to bank or suppliers. Life has changed. Rhythm has changed. Conditions have changed. For good or bad? Our little hero can’t be dismissed anymore, just because boss’s wife doesn’t like her. She can’t be forced to make things she doesn’t want to do. There are days when she works for 16 hours, twice more than she should, but she is paid for these hours. Her office is cozy, bright, and comfortable. She can be promoted. She can be sent to learn. She is protected and independent. But no matter where she goes with her mobile phone on her - it’s on. Always. We find ourselves today, at the beginning of the Twenty-first century, in bright well air-conditioned offices, protected by contracts in our pockets and by armies of different employees associations. We have become more productive with the help of personal computers, electronic mail, scanners, facsimile machines, and voice message systems. Our mobile phone can take us out of bed to solve urgent problems. â€Å"Super† clients can keep us at work on the birthday of our little daughter. Where is our privacy? Where is our real life? â€Å"Buying† rules have changed and so have â€Å"sellingï ¿ ½...

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Thus, workers are bonded through cooperation and communication. To illustrate, when an inexperienced person joins a team, there is enough communication to make the new member aware about his or her role in the team. Moreover, in case of doubts, the new members do not hesitate to ask the more experienced and creative ones and the experienced ones share their knowledge with the new ones. Thus, new workers easily and effectively adapt to the work environment. The second point is that teamwork improves the self esteem of the team members. This happens so because in a team, each team member feels important and needed. This sense of importance is created because each member realises that he or she has a valuable role to play in the team. When this sense of belonging grows, each member feels that he or she has the chance to explore and exhibit potential and talent. Thus, teamwork has an important role in fostering creativity of individual. Another important aspect is that teamwork enhances personal responsibility. In other words, in a team, each member has a very clearly defined role to play. Thus, each member realises the fact that their own failure in playing their role will have an impact on achieving the team’s goal. ... However, there are certain disadvantages as well. To illustrate, not all people love teamwork. There are some go-getters who are happy working alone. For them, the work in a team is like a hindrance as they are not capable of performing to their fullest as they feel hindered by the less capable ones. For these people, working independently is more productive. In addition, there is the problem of conflict among members. For example, though some teams function harmoniously, some teams are prone to conflicts. As it is difficult to identify when conflicts will develop, it is difficult to avoid their development. When conflicts and power struggles arise, the employees suffer from stress, and as a result, their productivity goes down. 5. The belief that individual personality has nothing to do with behavior at work is baseless. In fact, personality will seriously affect the way people deal with various situations at work. In order to understand the role of personality, it is useful to use the Big Five Model or the five factor model. According to the model, there are five major trait categories. The first among them is openness to experience. In this category, one extreme is highly interested in, and optimistic about, new experiences and changes. Admittedly, such people will welcome taking up responsibilities and roles. When there are issues like organisational change, such people are less likely to suffer from stress. On the other hand, the other extreme is totally hostile to new experiences and they remain closed minded and rigid towards new experiences. Such people are highly likely to oppose any changes in the organisation and are less motivated to take up challenging roles. Another category is conscientiousness. It is claimed that high degree of

Individual reflective assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual reflective assessment - Essay Example many skills and the module ‘Academic Skills for Accountancy’ has helped me a lot in developing some of the skills required for the profession of auditing. Following are skills related to accounting that I have developed throughout the module. One of the most important skills for an auditor is to be able to critically evaluate the audit evidence obtained as a result of the audit procedures which include inquiries from the management, observation of the procedures done by management and inspection of accounting records. Through this semester, I have developed this skill significantly. The course has introduced me to specifics of the skills required for critical evaluation of evidence. For the forthcoming year, I plan to develop this skill by conducting further research on the audit and by studying practical examples regarding audits of significant entities. One of the most important areas that would be focused would be of professional scepticism. Professional scepticism is the ability of an auditor to keep a questioning mind and this attitude helps the auditor not to generalize the results of the evaluation of evidence obtained. I would learn how to develop professional scepticism. An ability every accountant must have is the ability to analyse the information provided and to draw conclusions with sufficient rationalization. The same skill is also important for an auditor because it is the responsibility of an auditor to analyse the evidence obtained and to provide a reasonable assurance backed by rationalized conclusions. The semester helped me significantly in improving this ability (Cottrell 2008). In accounting, each transaction has a dual effect therefore if any one part of the transaction is not recorded, it can be traced from the other part. Thus, everything in the financial records becomes linked and the missing links can be found by analysing the recorded information. The same skill is also highly important for the profession of auditing. Since this is

Declaration Of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Declaration Of Independence - Essay Example What led Jefferson to prepare this document anyway? What did the document declare? This essay sets out to answer these two questions and to show that the Declaration of Independence was because of pressing international issues in 1776. This will be achieved by investigating the many imitations and documents that have spawned since 1790 and offering comparisons of how it was received in the past and at present in and beyond the U.S. This would eventually lead us to draw inferences regarding reflections on the afterlife of The Declaration of Independence and probe the modern conception of rights, both collective and individual. Discussion First, it would be beneficial to understand the just what the declaration declared before we can be able to show its international context. Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence announced the emergence of the U.S into the international scene. For starters, before the Declaration of Independence, the term â€Å"United States of America,† had not publicly been used anywhere. This is expressed explicitly in the opening paragraph of the document, which states that the states representatives were bringing forth the thoughts of mankind, the reasons why united people had made a choice to assume the equal and separate station among the powers of the earth to which God and Law of Nature entitle them. The phrase, â€Å"powers of the earth,† can be seen to signify other sovereign states, which can be considered as the Declaration addressing an immediate international audience. I was the intention of the U.S to join the other sovereign states I the world on an equal level as an â€Å"Independent and Free State,† with full powers to conclude peace, establish commerce, contract alliances, levy war, and to carry out all other things and acts which independent states had the right of doing (The Declaration of Independence as Adopted by Congress). That intention by the U.S announced tit option to join the internatio nal community of Free and Independent states instead of the British Empire. Therefore, we can assert that the Declaration of Independence was actually a declaration of interdependence. The primary intentions of the Declaration of Independence were to legitimize the civil within the British Empire and make it a lawful war between states. By declaring American colonists as outside of hi protection, George III had turned them into rebels. Therefore, there was a need for the rebels to transform themselves from rebels to legitimate colonists. International recognition for this cause and foreign support was thus imperative. This motivation for internationalization was made clear by Paine in 1776 via his argument that custom of nations required that America had to make a declaration of Independence before any European power would attempt to mediate peace between Great Britain and Americans. Obviously, Spain or France could not help any persons they considered as rebels against another mona rch. In addition, for Americans to be considered as reliable trading partners, they grievances needed to be put before foreign courts in a persuasive manner. According to Paine, this would be impossible without the Declaration of Independence, which would ensure that the U.S took rank with other nations (Paine). According to the records of the Continental Congress, there was a strong link between the demands of International Relations and the Declaration of Independence. A resolution was tabled in Congress by Richard Lee in 1776 declaring colonies independent and at the same time, urged Congress to put in place measures that would affect the formation of foreign Alliances. This resolution was consequently adopted by Congress announcing the

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (or as they say in French le Organisation du traità © de lAtlantique Nord (OTAN)), began as a military alliance of governments due to the North Atlantic Treaty ( 4 April 1949). From its inception NATO, with headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, has focused on a structure cooperative defence. It translates this structure as having the member states responding to a joint and mutual defence against attack by a non- NATO aggressor. From the original 12 member states there are now 28 participants in this organization dedicated to keeping the alliance strong and vital in a changing world order. Initially, NATO began as a political body, more prone to discussion rather than action. This changed when the Korean War spurred the member states into action and they set up a military command structure under the leadership of two U.S. supreme commanders to effectively deal with the situation that was brewing in Korea. As the first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated the organizations goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.[4] The alliances of WWII with the Russians had taken a beating as the battles became ideological with communism on one side and democracy as represented by the west and NATO was on the other. As for the Germans, there was a basic distrust since they had been responsible for both world wars and it was only four years after their surrender that NATO was formed. Eventually Germany became and is a vital and full-fledged member of the organization. The alliance had some initial credibility issues, since the ever changing relationships between European members and the US were in flux (as always). There was a significant feat that NATO would be unable to stand together against a Soviet invasion. As a sign of its coolness towards the alliance, and basically as a vote of no confidence, the French developed their own nuclear arsenal and withdrew from NATOs military structure in 1966 and hasnt rejoined that aspect of NATO since. In 1955, in retaliation to NATO, the Soviet Bloc countries started their own alliance The Warsaw Pact, and thereby created a common antipathy towards each alliance. In 1989, precipitated by the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany, NATO focused its attention on the turmoil of the Balkan states and the troubles brewing in that region. At the same time NATO forged stronger and more durable associations with their former Warsaw Pact adversaries and succeeded so well that quite a few of these states joined the alliance between 1999 and 2004. On 1 April 2009, the NATO membership grew it its present 28 states with the entrance of Albania and Croatia into the alliance.[5] Due to the 11 September, 2001 attacks against New York and Washington, NATO has refocused its mission to fight terrorism, instead of the Eastern block and re purposed itself to meet new and more difficult confrontations in other regions of the world. The alliance has provided troops to Afghanistan as well as trainers to Iraq in order to fulfill its treaty obligations to a member state, in this case the United States, that has been attacked. As part of its ever evolving nature, NATO and the European Union (many of whose members are also members of NATO) signed a package of agreements called The Berlin Plus Agreement on 16 December 2002. The crux of this agreement gives the EU the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wants to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act-the so-called right of first refusal.[6] Thus if NATO, as the alliance refused to act in a crisis, the EU therefore has the option to respond. NATO members provide 70-plus% of the worlds defence spending.[7] The United States contributes 43% the total military spending of the world[8] with the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy spending an additional 15%.[9] The remaining alliance countries make up the remainder of the 12% that accounts for this huge outlay of funds, materials and personnel, making NATO ready to meet any crisis. History The history of NATO is a history of treaties that came in the wake of the Second World War. In 1948 he Treaty of Brussels, signed by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom was the forerunner to the NATO agreement. The signing of this treaty coupled with the insidious Soviet Berlin Blockade gave rise to the Western European Unions Defence Organization that same year. [10] There was an understanding though that in order to thwart the rising military power of the USSR, the United States had to be brought into the picture to enable the west to have a solid counterbalance of power. This strategy precipitated a need for a new military alliance. Talks began at once and in less than a year, the North Atlantic treaty was signed between the 5 signatories of the Treaty of Brussels and the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. There was a lot of hostility regarding the treaty and it even caused some Icelanders to advocate and participate in a pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot in March 1949, just days before the final signatures on for April. The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. (http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm ) The phrase Such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force does not necessarily mean that other member states will respond with military action against the aggressor(s) has raised many questions over the years. Member states are obligated to respond to a crisis concerning the alliance or any one of its members, however these states have the freedom to choose how they will respond. (Hence Frances decision to withdraw from the military structure, as it never wants to commit its troops to a fight) This clause negates Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels that states that the members will aid the attacked member militarily. Further, the article limits the organizations scope to Europe and North America, which explains why the Falklands War did not result in NATO involvement. However, there was justification for the Afghanistan and Iraq wars involvement as the organizations that attacked the Member state, the US , were not national and merely located in another location . With NATO, some consistency of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology has been brought into existence. This has often meant that European member countries adopting U.S. practices and techniques. There are about 1300 Standardization Agreements (STANAGs) codifying these standards. For instance the 7.62ÃÆ'-51 NATO rifle cartridge of the 1950s became the standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries while Fabrique Nationale de Herstals FAL was NATO rifle in Europe and used until the early 1990s. In addition to consistent firearms and rifles, signals became standardized, enabling any NATO aircraft to land at any NATO base without confusion. Even the NATO phonetic alphabet has made its beyond NATO into civilian use. Cold War Perhaps the defining moment in early NATO was the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. This police action became a critical test for the alliance as it confronted what appeared to be all Communist countries working together to destabilize the Koreas. This forced NATO into developing military plans.[11] This war was also the precipitator to the nascent cold war between the West and the East and their ideological disparity. In 1952, NATO began to codify its requirements for a Long Term Defence Plan. The Lisbon conference first suggested that there be 96 divisions dedicated to the alliance, however in 1953, this number was devolved to 35 divisions, with an increased dependence on nuclear weaponry to make up the difference. There were 15 at the ready divisions located in Central Europe and Italy and Scandinavia hosted another ten. Another outcome of the Lisbon Conference was that the Chief Civilian post of Secretary General of NATO was created (Baron Hastings Ismay was appointed). (12, 13) By September of 52, the first NATO exercises were held and Operation Mainbrace brought 200 ships and over 50,000 troops and sailors to practice defending Norway and Denmark. It was a huge success. By the end of that first year, Greece and Turkey joined the alliance. This forced some very contentious negotiations, with the United States and Britain disputing as to the logistics of bringing these two countries into the command structure.[14] All through the controversy that was openly under discussion, covert operations were underway to set up a solid resistance in case of a successful Soviet invasion (Operation Gladio). This resistance was original to the Western European Union, however it seemed more logical and effective to transfer these plans and operations to NATO control. Despite the disputes there were signs of unity a bonds began to grow among the different between NATOs armed forces so that the troops themselves were more cohesive. This included the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian Army Trophy for tank gunnery among the different units and countries. By 1954, the Soviet Union felt that it should become a part of NATO in order to keep the peace in Europe.[15] This did not sit well with the NATO member countries, as they feared that the real motivation of the Soviet Unions was weaken the alliance from within, sewing discord, so they rejected the proposal. However, despite earlier declarations of keeping the Germans down, the admission of West Germany into NATO on 9 May 1955 was described as a decisive turning point in the history of our continent by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time.[16] German military forces and manpower were a deciding factor into allowing their former enemy into the alliance. Without the extra soldiers fielding enough forces to resist a Soviet invasion[17] would have been impossible. The upshot of this admission though was the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 (6 days later) with the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and East Germany as members. This formal response to Germanys admission into NATO , defined in no uncertain terms, the two sides of the Cold War. French withdrawal Charles de Gaulles presidency of France from 1958 caused a constant strain on the NATO alliance. De Gaulle ongoing objections to the United States role in the organization was the basis of his never ceasing disputation with NATO. He felt that the special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom was undermining the alliance and he wanted France to be the predominant member state. De Gaulle wrote to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, where he basically demanded a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom in NATO. He also stipulated that NATOs coverage be expanded cover French geographical areas, most notably French Algeria, so that NATO could assist Frances counter-insurgency against Algerian rebels. De Gaulle did not like the response Eisenhower and Macmillan gave him so he began to pull away from a unified alliance and create independent defences for his country. He wanted to play both sides of the alliance in case East Germany invaded West Germany. He was determined to have a separate peace with the Eastern bloc and had no desire to involve France in a NATO-Warsaw Pact conflict. In 1959, despite being a signatory to the alliance, De Gaulle began his severing his allegiance to the alliance. In March 1959, France withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from NATO command. In June 1959, de Gaulle proscribed foreign nuclear weapons on French soil. By this act, the United States began transferring military aircraft out of France and returning control of all air force bases that NATO operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967. De Gaulle wanted only his own military and nuclear arms on his own soil, despite his supposed solidarity to the alliance. In 1962, during the Cuban Missle Crisis de Gaulle showed unity with NATO, however afterwards he sustained his unrelenting determination of creating his own independent defence through the removal of Frances Atlantic and Channel fleets from the NATO command structure. Therefore it was no surprise to anyone within the alliance that by 1966, all French armed forces were removed from NATOs integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. All his actions caused the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) to move from Rocquencourt, near Paris, to Casteau, Belgium, by 16 October 1967. While France remained a member of the alliance, its removal on the surface seemed to preclude any sort of committed defence of Europe from possible Communist attack. On the other hand, France did have forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War. A chain of clandestine agreements between U.S. and French officials, ( Lemnitzer-Ailleret Agreements) delineated the way French forces would fit together and return to NATOs command in case hostilities commenced during the Cold War. [18] Although on the surface France and DeGaulle had manipulated themselves into an independent there was nevertheless a way for France to unite and fight with NATO in case of war. It wasnt until 1995 that the French position on the military structure of NATO began to change. Dà ©tente NATO was able to keep from actual military engagements as an alliance throughout most of the Cold War. The organization was prepared in case of such a scenario. In 1968, NATO argued that since the United States controlled nuclear weapons until a decision to go to war and NATOs own nuclear sharing arrangements with the US were no in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty that was being signed. Since few states actually knew what NATOs nuclear position actually was, whatever the alliance declaimed was considered truth and there was no challenge to their stance as far as controlling nuclear weapons was concerned. NATO countries officially defined two balancing aims of the Alliance on 30 May 1978. The first was to follow their initial directive and maintain security throughout the alliance. The second was to pursue dà ©tente. The purpose of these two complementary aims was to match the NATO defences to those of the Warsaw Pacts offensive capacity without inciting an extra arms race. In 1979, since the Warsaw Pact countries built up their nuclear capabilities in Europe, NATO approved the deployment of U.S. GLCM cruise missiles and Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. These new warheads strengthened the western position regarding nuclear disarmament. This Dual Track policy meant that peace was pursued on one hand while meeting weapons build up on the other. Essentially it was a game of one-upmanship conducted by both sides. This occurred again in 1983-84, when NATO responded to the positioning of Warsaw Pact SS-20 medium-range missiles in Europe, by deploying modern Pershing II missiles. These missiles have the ability to hit military targets quite hard such as tank formations, should there be a war. These dual actions led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe in light of the fact that the danger level ratcheted up in case peace talks were unsuccessful. Escalation Most of Europe was divided between the two alliances. Members of NATO were often shown in blue, with members of the Warsaw Pact shown in red on any maps depicting their allegiances. President Ronald Reagan of the United States was determined that the buildup of the tension between the US and USSR should be exacerbated even more by having NATO deploy those Pershing II and cruise missiles in Western Europe, primarily West Germany. These Pershing II missiles are tactical nuclear weapons intended to strike targets on the battlefield in the event that the Soviets invaded West Germany. The Soviets fed into the Reagan paranoia and played into his deployment plans on 1 September 1983, when they shot down a South Korean passenger airliner when it crossed into Soviet airspace. Reagan characterized the shooting down of the plane a massacre. With world opinion on their side the U.S., galvanized support for the deployment of the missiles. This deployment stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev were reached and the hegemony of the Soviet Union began to dismantle.. Gamesmanship in the membership was still around although during the late 1970s and early 80s there was some stagnancy. In 1974, when the Turks invaded Cyprus, Greece withdrew its forces from NATOs military command structure. Finally though, in 1980, they were readmitted (Turkish cooperation was necessary) Finally in May 1982, Spain was able to join the alliance as its former dictator had died and the newly democratic country was free to become part of NATO. Spain joined the alliance. In November 1983, NATO maneuvers simulated a nuclear launch and it caused widespread panic in the USSR. General Secretary Yuri Andropov, who was in ill health at the time, was worried that the maneuvers, were actually a genuine first strike. In response, Soviet nuclear forces were readied and air units in East Germany and Poland were placed on alert. It was a tense situation and although U.S. intelligence felt that the Soviet response was merely a propaganda effort, there are many who feel that ailing Andropov was convinced that a NATO first strike was imminent. Post Cold War When the Cold War ended and the Warsaw Pact dissolved in 1991, the main adversary of NATO was gone. There was a strategic reassessment of NATOs purpose. While this reassessment and realignment of the nature and tasks of the alliance were underway, the ultimate result is that NATO has expanded into Eastern Europe and former Warsaw Pact countries are becoming part of the alliance. NATO has also extended its activities into new areas. In 1990, NATO welcomed the German reunification. This meant that the former East Germany was part of the Federal Republic of Germany and therefore alliance. This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year. There was still a need for Soviet approval of a united Germany to remain in NATO so it was stipulated that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the eastern part of the country (the former East Germany). Because of this new treaty, there has been an ongoing controversy between scholars and diplomats regarding the expansion of the NATO Alliance. Once scholar, Stephen F. Cohen argued in 2005 that a commitment was given that NATO would never expand further east,[19]. On the other hand but according to Robert Zoellick,( then a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process,) feels that Cohen is wrong as there was no formal commitment of the sort made in the treaty regarding any other country besides Germany.[20] In May 2008, The Daily Telegraph held an interview with Mikhail Gorbachev who felt along with Cohen that there was a commitment made. Gorbachev said the Americans promised that NATO wouldnt move beyond the boundaries of Germany after the Cold War but now half of central and eastern Europe are members, so what happened to their promises? It shows they cannot be trusted.[21] NATOs military structure was cut back and reorganized in the post Cold War era, with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe agreed between NATO and the then still existent Warsaw Pact, mandated specific reductions in personnel, weapons, and nukes. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the military balance in Europe shifted and this was recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty. Finally in 1995, after nearly a 30 year absence, France rejoined NATOs Military Committee in 1995. French President Nicolas Sarkozy reformed Frances military position and enabled the country to return to full membership on 4 April 2009. This date also saw France rejoin the integrated military command of NATO, even as it still maintains its own nuclear deterrent independently of the alliance.[22] Balkans interventions After years of military preparedness and no fighting during the Cold War, NATOs first military operation came during the former Yugoslavia civil war. It was called Operation Sharp Guard and ran from June 1993-October 1996. NATO provided maritime enforcement of the arms embargo, and set ic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Six months into the embargo and blockade, (28 February 1994) NATO took its first military action, by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft. These planes violated a U.N.-mandated no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATOs Operation Deliberate Force, a bombing campaign started in August, 1995, against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica massacre. Operation Deny Flight, the no-fly-zone enforcement mission, started in 1993, continued the end of December 1995. The NATO air strikes forced an end to the war in Bosnia. This culminated in the the Dayton Agreement, that provided NATO with authority to deployed peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, first named IFOR and then SFOR. This deployment ran from December 1996 to December 2004. Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal, for these operations in appreciation of its troops efforts in a difficult endeavor. NATO was now a fully fledged military organization that was as capable as any single member nation on conducting a military operation to successful conclusion. What had been words on paper was now put into practice. From 1994 to 1997, NATO and its neighbors set up several forums for dialogue in order to keep conflict at a minimum. The Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council were all results of these forums and led the way to a more inclusive membership in the alliance. On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO and their final admission occurred in 1999. By 1998, the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council was established to keep communications open and free flowing between the former adversaries. NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War, where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign, called Operation Allied Force. This was again against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Serbians massacred and cracked- down on Albanian civilians in Kosovo. While a formal declaration of war never took place the NATO action was successful. Yugoslavian leader Slobodan MiloÃ…Â ¡eviĆ¡ agreed to NATOs demands and Kosovos native Albanians were free to stay or go. During Kosovo, NATO deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to deliver humanitarian aid to Kosovan refugees. [23] NATO then established the KFOR, a NATO-led force under a United Nations mandate that operated the military mission in Kosovo. In August-September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia.[24] NATOs work in the military arena was expanding and becoming vital to international interests This expansion and necessity led the United States, the United Kingdom, and most other NATO countries to oppose efforts that require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, as had happened against Serbias invasion into Kosovo in 1999. France and some others claimed that the alliance needed U.N. approval of course probably more as a way to thwart the US/UK more than any ideological reasons. The U.S./U.K. side that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia and thereby condemned all those ethnic Albanians to slaughter. Russia and China could in fact exercise these same vetoes whenever future conflicts arose where NATO intervention was required. This would essentially cripple and the purpose of the organization. NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington Summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management[25] as a prelude to any sort of military intervention unless required and approved by the alliance. After the 11 September attacks Everything changed after the 9/11 attacks on the United States. At this time, and for the first time, NATO invoked Article 5 of the NATO Charter. The Article states: Article 5 The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security . Essentially, an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all members. This invocation of Article Five was ratified on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty.[26] Eight official actions were taken by NATO to respond to the attacks. Among them were Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour. Operation Active Endeavour is to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general in the Mediterranean . Despite this early show of solidarity within the alliance there was another crisis barely more than a year later. France and Belgium vetoed the procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq. Germany did not use its right to break the procedure but said it supported the veto. So that all efforts to assist that member fell into abeyance and should Turkey be attacked, there is no agenda in place to quickly form a reprisal. On the other hand the invasion of Afghanistan provided NATO with a chance for a more public unity. On 16 April 2003, NATO took command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement requested this action and all NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATOs history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. By January 2004, NATO appointed Minister Hikmet Çetin, of Turkey, as the Senior Civilian Representative (SCR) in Afghanistan to be responsible for advancing the political-military aspects of the Alliance in Afghanistan. On 31 July 2006, a NATO-led force took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a U.S.-led anti-terrorism coalition and has been protecting the area since. Bowing to US Pressure, NATO even has set up a training program in Iraq to assist in that countrys efforts. NATOs involvement in both arenas has expanded its role in the war against terrorism and the alliance has been instrumental in assisting the now 8 year old conflicts in their efforts to bring the terror organizations in both countries to a halt.

A Black Cloud :: essays research papers

A Black Cloud   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The heart is an organ of fire, filled with intense love and intense hatred. Yet it is the hatred which entwines the lives of people causing them to display acts of violence and cruelty. Hatred is displayed through forms which include: prejudices towards large groups of people, crimes of hatred being committed, and indirect hatred which involves hurting others as an act of rebellion against someone or something.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history, the world has been afflicted by the prejudices of powerful leaders who in turn took their animosity out on large masses of people. Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany during World War II, is a prime example of this. He took his hatred out on the Jews, forcing them into concentration camps. Another group that is a target of hatred are the blacks. The Ku Klux Klan, otherwise known as the KKK, possess intense hatred for the black race. Their hatred is demonstrated by marching in white cloaks in protest and also by burning the churches and neighborhoods of blacks. Just as Hitler and the KKK express hatred, the Skinheads are yet another group which have strong prejudices. These so called Skinheads abominate most races other than their own. White hooded silhouettes, German Soldiers echoing â€Å"Hail Hitler!†, and the infamous Skinheads are harsh reminders of hatred which exists throughout the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the same way that prejudices of large groups of people are expressed, hate crimes are committed to demonstrate acts of hatred. Most recent are the burning of black churches across the South. A crime of this sort shows hatred against the black race. Sometimes leading to manslaughter, racial tensions are abundant. Furthermore, the burning of crosses or flags are offensive crimes that are committed to show a person's hatred for religion or the government. Spousal abuse, child abuse, homicide, and wars between races can only be acts of one thing: hatred. Newspapers are filled with page after page of stories revealing the immense amount of hatred that our society possesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although crimes are committed to show hatred directly, there are other crimes which can also show hatred but in ways that are indirect. Think back to the Oklahoma City Bombing; it is a perfect example of indirect hatred. This is true because the motive of the bombers was to attempt to take revenge on the government, but instead the bombers took the lives of innocent people who were in the building. Moreover, the Empire State Building gunman's plan was to take

Importance of Uttarayan Essay

Shivya: Hi Shivam, how is your uttarayan going? Shivam: Very nice. How about you? Shiyya: Enjoying. But I do not know why uttarayan is celebrated. Can you lighten me? Shivam: Well shivya there is more to Uttarayan than just holding a string and a kite. Let us today understand the religious aspect of Uttarayan. Het can you pls. share with us the information that you have? [By that time their other 5 friends join them and take part in the conversation. All of them give information about the topic which entilighten us about the religious aspect of Uttarayan] Het: Hello everybody. Well Uttarayan is celebrated in many parts of the country and also in some other parts of the world with great zeal and enthusiasm. It is a harvest festival which is basically celebrated in the Hindu communities. In Indian, the states of Bihar, Bengal, Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu celebrate the festival with great fervor and gusto. Now I will tell Harsh to share some of information that he has. Harsh: U know Het, In Tamil Nadu the festival is known as Pongal, in Assam as Bhogali Bihu, in Punjab, as Lohiri, in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as Uttararayan. In Uttar Pradesh it is celebrated as Khichdi or Donation festival. In Bihar it is known as Til Sankranti or Khichdi festival. Outside India, the festival is given due importance in the countries like Nepal where it is celebrated as Maghe Sakrati or Maghi, in Thailand where it is named as Songkran and in Myanmar where it is called Thingyan. Shivya: Wow I thought Uttarayan is celebrated only in Gujarat. But I can bet it must not be celebrated anywhere like in Gujarat with the sky becoming so colourful. Devayani what information you have to share with us. Devayani: Well you know the way Makar Sankranti is celebrated in every state of India with faith and joy, it can be guessed that the festival has some religious beliefs. This festival is mentioned in many of our religious text, which enlighten about the festival’s religious significance. The religious scripture, â€Å"Gita† which is known as the voice of Lord Krishna, illustrates that six months of Uttarayan is the day time of deity. And, the 6 months of Dakhshinayan is the night for Gods. It is believed that person who scarifies his body in Uttarayan get a position in ‘Krishna Lok’. That person gets liberation, whereas, the one who dies in Dakhshinayan, has to be reborn. In the era of Mahabharata, Bhishma Pithama had a blessing of wish death. Although lying on the bed of arrows, he did not sacrifice his life in the Dakhsinayan, and waited for the Sun to go in Uttarayan. It is believed that on the day of Makar Sankranti, when sun entered in the Uttarayan, Bhishma Pithama, discarded his body. Scientifically, this day the sun begins its northward journey and enters the sign of Makar (the Capricorn) from the Tropic of Cancer. It is like the movement of sun from Dakshinayana (south) to Uttarayana (north) hemisphere. It is the one of the few chosen Indian Hindu festivals which has a fixed date. This day falls on the 14th of January every year according to the Hindu Solar Calendar. The festival is considered to be a day from where onwards all the auspicious ritualistic ceremonies can be solemnized in any Hindu family. This is thus considered as the holy phase of transition What do you say Ashiti. Am I right? Ashiti: Yes Deyanai, in fact another one religious story is also there which states that, Yashoda Mata kept fast to have Lord Krishna as her son. The story of Gangawatran is also linked with Makar Sankranti. It is said that on the day of Makar Sankranti, Ganga followed Bhagirath Muni and met the ocean. Conjunction of Ganga and ocean is the reason behind crowd of devotees taking bath in Ganagasagar on Makar Sankranti. Capricorn is a sign of Saturn. On the day of Makar Sankranti, sun enters into the sign of Saturn. Sun God is the father of Saturn. Father goes to meet his son in his home. Saturn and Sun, both are might planets, who’s auspicious blessings can make humans achieve great success. Hence, on the holy festival of Makar Sankranti people delight sun and Saturn. Shankranti means transmigration of Sun from one zodiac in Indian astrology to the other. As per Hindu customary beliefs, there are 12 such Sankrantis in all. But the festival is celebrated only on the occasion of Makara Sankaranti i.e. the transition of the Sun from Sagittarius (‘Dhanu’ Rashi ) to Capricorn(‘Makara’ Rasi). Lastly Jai can you put some more information on the topic. Jai: Yes my dear friends. Makar Sankranti holds special significance as on this day the solar calendar measures the day and night to be of equal durations on this day. From this day onwards, the days become longer and warmer. It is the day when people of northern hemisphere, the northward path of the sun marks the period when the sun is getting closer to them. The importance of the day was signified by the Aryans who started celebrating this day as an auspicious day for festivities. The reason behind this may be the fact that it marked the onset of harvest season. Married women pray to Sun God for long life of their husbands and give gifts to their elders, in return take blessing that the way days are getting longer, similarly, the life of their husbands also keep increasing.

I Hear You essays

I Hear You essays Dont put that in your ear!!! How many times have you heard that when you were young? Well there is a very good reason you should be careful with our ears. Not only are they a means of getting important information (like a physics lecture) but they also are involved in your balance and are a major source of heat loss for your body. To understand how the ear functions, we must first know what sound is and how it travels. Sound is the compression and rarefaction of the air molecules, caused by the vibration of a solid, liquid, or gas. Every wave has two characteristics that define a sound and that is amplitude and a frequency. A frequency is the amount of waves cycles that pass a given area per second, and this is what gives sound it unique tone. Amplitude is the height of each wavelength and that determines how loud a noise is. Since everything in the universe has its own frequency, (wave pattern) different wavelength, come from different vibrating objects. Depending on the type of frequency caused by the pressure wave, the human ear will pick up as a different pitches. The human ear consists of three regions, outer, middle, and inner ear. Sound waves enter the outer ear and vibrations are amplified in the inner ear. Within your inner ear vibrations of different frequencies are "sorted out" as they stimulate different patches of receptors, which send that information to the big cheese, the brain. The outer ear is what most people picture when the ear is mentioned. This region of the inner ear consists of two parts. The first is the outer funnel-like structure called the auricle (pinna). The funnel like structure catches the sound waves and directs them into the second part of the external ear, the external auditory meatus or the external auditory canal. As the sound waves progress down the auditory canal they travel into a new region of the ear called the middle ear. Here in the middle ear the waves hit a barrier ca...

Apology by Plato essay

Apology by Plato essay Apology by Plato essay Apology by Plato essayIn Plato’s Apology, the reader finds much interesting information about the philosophic thought that is derived from Socrates’ defense speech. Socrates, Plato’s teachers and friend, is ready to defend himself. Socrates’ mission is to help people to better understand the meaning of life in order to change their lives, placing emphasis on virtue and souls. He says,It is the greatest good for a human being to discussVirtue every day and the other thingsAbout which you hear me conversing and examining both myself and others,For the unexamined life is not worth living for a human being (Plato 38b).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socrates claims that his role in Athenian society is important because he is the one who can support the integrity of the society he lives in by his role as gadfly. Socrates uses his unique philosophical argumentation to explain power relations within the Athenian society.There are two sets of charges that were brought against Socrates: the first one is disrespect to the city’s gods and the second one is corruption of young people. These charges include formal charges brought by Anytus, Meletus and Lycon and some earlier charges brought by anonymous people. Nevertheless, these two sets of charges are interlinked. The charges include â€Å"corrupting the young, and by not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel† (Plato 24b).Socrates responds to these charges are convincing. He denies the fact that his philosophy and philosophic activities cause harm to the society he lives in and the city in general. He denies that his philosophy can corrupt the youth, claiming that his philosophic thought is of great value for humanity. Socrates tries to persuade the jury about his innocence, â€Å"No greater good has come to be in the city than my service to the God† (Plato). Socrates states that his way of life is the best way of life for all human beings because it produces happiness for everyone in the city.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My own view of Socrates’ innocence is based on a number of facts, including his philosophic thought, his mission and his self-confidence. I believe in Socrates’ innocence, although the charges brought to him by the court are rather serious for Athenians. Socrates’ defense against the charge that he doesn’t believe in Gods is honest and sufficient. He admits that he does not believe in the Gods of the city, but he is guided by some sort of higher being, or spirits. He states, â€Å"I live in great poverty because of my service to God† (23c). I completely agree with Socrates’ argument that the claim regarding his atheism is false because he believes in higher spiritual beings. I would have voted set him free because these two sets of charges are insufficient for death penalty.   The second claim about the corrupted youth is also false because there is no proof.   One man cannot be blamed for the corruption of the entire generation of young people. Therefore, for these two sets of charges, I would have vote in Socrates’ favor, considering him innocent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Socrates has gained worldwide fame for accepting his death for the two sets of charges corrupting the youth and disregarding the Athenian city’s Gods.   In Apology, Plato tells the story of Socrates’ trial, describing his behavior and his unique defense during the trial process. Socrates is innocent because his philosophic thought is useful for Athenians. He has been wrongly accused.

Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Literary Analysis - Essay Example Introduction. In his play Miller raises an important issue which does not often discussed in the literature. It is important to note that betrayal is not the common feature of human’s personality, so Miller identify the causes and events that push friends or neighbors to betray each other, especially if their actions will cause the death of another person. Miller identifies and vividly portrays the inner nature and morals of people involved in the trials which heated human’s envy and baseness. Thesis. Betrayal caused the death for many innocent people because of fear, dishonor, falsehood, and low moral values. The population of Salem was not strong enough to resist the feeling of fear and protect themselves. Instead, the absence of friendship and universal virtues were closely connected with witchcraft trials and fear of people to be accused and hanged. Discussion. In the play Miller describes the witchcraft trials which were often during the Middle ages period. Betty Parris, the daughter of the Salem minister, was ill and, her father thought that the illness was caused by witchcraft. In the 17th century, witchcraft was the most serious accusation. If a person was found guilty he or she was hanged. In the play a lot of innocent people were accused because of their friends slander. On the one hand, betrayal was used as the tool to do away with the enemies. People in Salem had no chance to save their lives, because their inner strength had been subdued by fear to be hanged. 1.1.When fear starts to dominate people act in their own interests, they degrade as the keepers of customs and morality. It remains disappointing that the social issues that are generally identified as pertaining to religion deal with questions of individual choice, rather than of communal responsibility. â€Å"This is a sharp time, now, a precise time—we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by

The methode of returning cash to company shareholder Essay

The methode of returning cash to company shareholder - Essay Example Non-core operating assets like long term investments and related assets are not critically relevant for a firm's current operations. When Marks & Spencer (M&S) finally disposed of some of its non-core operating assets in 2002 and began to restructure the company, the decision was obvious because it wanted to adopt an alternative technique for the more traditional method of repurchasing shares or that of the increased dividend pay-out. In other words there was a clear effort on the part of M&S management to redistribute revenue to shareholders though its negative implications would have invariably affected the success of the program (Davies, 1999). According to financial managers' own way of thinking such efforts would not be in the best interest of the long term company value creation process because when such cash returns to shareholders take place at regular intervals in the future as the stock prices appreciate and hectic deposal of shares takes place, the company would lose its investor confidence. The net result thus would be to jeopardize the very relationship between the manager and the shareholder. This in turn would lead to a much closer relationship between the manager and the debt-holder. ... Debt instruments often consist and includes restrictions on the company's all the activities. And thus it is preventing and disturbing top management from pursuing alternative financing options and core business opportunities. Large companies always consider debt-equity ratio as a risk because the company is more concern towards lenders and investors. And thus the business is limited as to the amount of debt it carries (Marks and Spencer annual report 2002). For the better and efficient financing companies are usually pledge assets of the company to the Lender as collateral. And the share holders and executives of the company are in some cases required to give guarantee by personally for the repayment of the loans (Devaney, & Lizieri, 2004). Because of this capital restructuring programme marks and Spences certain advantages to their managers can be expected. because of the less liability of the company the managers will enjoy a greater power in all the operational actives. Thus it brings less liabilities to their company so it will be a greater relief for the managers. (Finlan, 1992) But it would certainly demotivates their share holders because they will loose their voting power and the opportunity to take part in the decision making process. So this fact can leads to a morale problem of the share holders. In every company, the financial and real sectors cooperate with each other in order to maintain a sound and progressive balance between the two. This is important as a deficiency in one sector impairs developments in the other sector. So therefore it is important to have an optimal capital structure in the company to maintain the balance between equity and the debts. The value of corporate debt

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Hospitality Management - Essay Example Several categories of fields include tourism industry, lodging, cruise line, theme parks and transportation. I have participated for internship program in the hospitality industry. I am highly obliged to internship project manager. I would like to provide special thanks and express my gratitude towards the project manager for motivating me to go for excellence. Every intern is new to the industry and is hungry for success. There is always a person who motivates to accomplish in life. This is the person who encouraged me in the entire internship program. The effect of affectionate encouragement and motivation on my life was humongous. The pivotal aim of the program is to participate at the hotel meetings and gain experience to different areas of the hotel. The volume of professional is articulated by the organization behavior of the hospitality industry. Regular meeting and discussion with project manager helped me to build on complementary flaws and strengths. Weekly check- in meetin gs exceedingly benefited me to have an ongoing discussion to nullify the flaws and enrich the strengths. Time devoted by project manager provided me an opportunity to prosper on the hospitality industry. The appreciation shown by the manager boosted my commitment towards nurturing organizational skills. Teamwork, standard of procedure and service are the pivotal element in the hospitality industry. The effective management of the employees in the hospitality industry can be managed by focusing on building confidence, team building and handling stress. Internship project manager provided a practical example of understand behavior of guests and enhancing the decision making process. The manager provided me opportunity to experience the hospitality industry by live examples, case study and weekly discussion. This process of learning motivated me to enhance the relationship with the project

Biology Evidences of Evolution Essay Example for Free

Biology Evidences of Evolution Essay * Fossils- fossils provide evidence of evolution because related organisms have similar but varied bone structures. Carbon dating and radioisotopes allow scientists to find when the rocks and fossils lived, allowing them to see how the organisms changed over time and adapted to new environments. * Embryology- many animals have an extremely similar embryological stage. Only trained professionals can tell the difference between the embryos of humans, fish, rabbits and birds. Only once the embryos grow and develop do they start varying in their appearance. This provides evidence of evolution because it shows how almost identical embryos turn into completely different organisms. The more similar the embryo, the more closely related the organism is. * Comparative anatomy- states that organisms with similar structures must have come from a common ancestor. When two different species that have homologous structures, proves that they both evolved from the same species and adapted in order to survive. * Geographical distribution- the theory different animals have different traits because of the environment where they live and are raised. This proves evolution because divergent evolution explains that when something happens to environment that threatens the species’ existence, they must all flee the area. The different areas have different effects on the species, causing it to adapt to the environment. After millions of years, it evolves into a new species. * Genetics- many organisms have similar genes and genetic codes, but are different species.  Geographical distribution in more detail Geographical distribution means that each species starts off in the same environment and same location. Geographical distribution proves evolution because something will eventually happen to the environment, making the species unable to live there for any longer. Divergent evolution explains that every species begins in one location, and when something happens to that location (humans move in, urbanization, area dries up, vegetation dies, etc.), they move to all different environments of different climates and locations. In each different area, the species adapts to the environment. After millions of years and many generations, the species has adapted so much that it turns into a new species. Depending on the environment, the species will adapt differently and evolve into different species. These species often remain related, but they are no longer the same. For example, species A is a type of bird living in the forest. This bird is most likely green or brown to camouflage with the environment. These birds eat leaves from the trees. One day, the humans decide to cut down all the trees. The vegetation is all gone and the birds have nothing left to eat. They must move to another location. Half of species A move to the desert and half move to the arctic. The birds that move to the desert adapt to that environment by changing the colour to a lighter brown or beige to camouflage and start eating meat from decomposing animals. Meanwhile, the birds that move to the arctic turn white to camouflage and begin to eat fish. This species has move to two different areas, and the birds in each area have evolved. Over millions of years, the birds changed into different species. The birds that live in the desert are now known as species B and the birds that live in the arctic tundra are now referred to as species C. These two birds are still similar in structure and still share common qualities, but they are different species. We consider them related species, but we no longer consider them the same species.

Life Struggle on Minimum Wage Essay -- essays research papers

Life Struggle on Minimum Wage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes life isn’t always as easy as getting a job, making money and paying you bills. In her fascinating book on extended essays Nickel and Dimed, Barbara Ehrenreich poses as an unskilled worker to show the struggles encountered everyday by Americans attempting to live on minimum wage, â€Å"matching income to expenses as the truly poor attempting to do everyday.† (6)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ehrenreich gave herself three rules she had to live by and they were: 1. She could not use her education or professional skills to land a job, 2. She had to take the highest paying job offered and do her best to hold it and 3. She had to take the cheapest accommodations available with an acceptable level of safety and privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ehrenreich decides to try living in three cities across the US: Key West, Florida, Portland, Maine and Minneapolis, Minnesota.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Florida she works as a waitress, taking two jobs, one of them she describes the conditions as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The regulation poster in the single unisex restroom admonishes us to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wash our hands thoroughly, and even offers instructions for doing so, but there is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  always some vital substance missing – soap, paper towels, toilet paper – and I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  never found all three at once. You learn t...

The Transformation of Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage Essay

The Transformation of Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen Crane's purpose in writing The Red Badge of Courage was to dictate the pressures faced by the prototypical American soldier in the Civil War.   His intent was accomplished by making known the horrors and atrocities seen by Unionist Henry Fleming during the Battle of Chancellorsville, and the conflicts within himself.    Among the death and repulsion of war, there exists a single refuge for the warrior--his brethren.   The success of combat is directly related to the morale of the soldiers, as it is the relationship with the neighboring soldier that demonstrates the motive for fighting.   This association between men creates an abundance of compulsion from one man to the next.   Similarly, as Henry Fleming developed a rapport with men throughout the 304th Regiment, he began to be subjected to the pressures of war and his companions, which greatly influenced his maturation during the Civil War.    Having read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and the exploits of Greek warriors, and, as well, longing to see such, Henry enlisted into the Union army, against the wishes of his mother.   Before his departure, Mrs. Fleming warned Henry, "...you must never do no shirking, child, on my account.   If so be a time comes when yeh have to be kilt or do a mean thing, why, Henry, don't think of anything `cept what's right..."   Henry carried with himself this counsel throughout his enlistment, resulting in his questioning himself on his bravery.   As a sign of Henry's maturation, he began to analyze his character whilst marching, while receiving comments from his brethren of courage in the face of all adversity, as well as their fears ... ...urth kept to himself, fearing for his safety, and ashamed of being captured.   Henry's final step in maturation was finally made through the sacrifice of his companions, and their pressuring him to lead the charge.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The reaction of one soldier to another is the basis of war, as camaraderie is the methodology by which wars are won.   Henry gave witness to the horrors of war, the atrocities of battle, the deaths of his friends, and later a life of victory.   The ultimate transformation in Henry's character leading to a mature temperament was found by finding himself in the confusion of war and companionship.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Crane, Stephen.   The Red Badge of Courage.   W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.   Canada; 1976.    Gibson, Donald B. The Red Badge of Courage:   Redefining the Hero.   Boston:   Twayne Publishers, 1988.

Learning English Essay

As an international student, learning English was a big challenge. For one thing, I grew up speaking my native language most of the time, and I only speak English when just necessary, such as talking to American or English strangers. This is why I found it hard to learn English, and there is still room for many improvements. At first I thought that once I studied English, I would learn quickly. But I found out it was hard because my tongue got used to speaking my native language. The hardest part was mastering the subject-verb agreement. Every time I speak, I struggle with evaluating whether the subject and the verb match. Sometimes I use verb with s when I refer to plural subjects. I also had difficulty understanding sentences that have very long subjects. For instance, A mountain range that sits between two larger mountains overlooking the valley is/are very beautiful. When my friend or anyone I talk to use this kind of sentence, I easily get lost from what he means to say. Thus, sometimes I misinterpret what he says. I guess the learning process took longer for me. But I am thankful that my experiences were training ground for the changes that took place. Also, the formalized learning from the classroom helped me a lot to learn another language (Smith). Little by little, I learned the right pronunciations of words. My teacher and my classmates and friends correct me when I wrongly pronounce a word or my sentence is grammatically incorrect. Reading has also helped greatly. I tried to understand what I read, and apply what I learned. I have also read short stories and I studied the way sentences are constructed. Learning from reading is advantageous. Aside from learning grammar, spelling, and understanding meaning from the books I read, reading has also opened my eyes to the many things that remained undiscovered to me. I can say that until the present time, I’m still learning. It has helped me greatly in dealing with day to day issues in the United States. Work Cited Smith, Mark K. 2003. â€Å"Learning Theory. † 26 February 2009 .

Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essays

Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essays Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essay Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essay In this report, the economic growth of Australia, USA and India is discussed. Economic growth is key factor to economic development. People of the nation are benefited when national Income grows. The Is no any scientific method of formula to measure the economic growth whereas the data, charts and other information can be helpful for strategy-makers to understand the countries economic positions and design a framework to guide for an effort toward development. Data are the retracts covering measures of economic growth, such as gross domestic product (GAP) and gross national Income (IN). They also have pointers representing elements known to be appropriate to economic growth, such as capital stock, employment, Investment, savings, consumption, government spending, Imports, and exports (The World Bank, 2014). GAP is one of the primary pointers to evaluate the economy of a country. GAP is the market value of goods and services produced by property and labor in a country in a given period of time regardless of nationality (The statistics Portal, 2014). Normally, it is calculated on an annual basis and includes all public and private consumption, government expenditure, Investments, and net exports. The Gross Domestic Product Is primary pointers in measuring a countrys standard of living. In addition, Real GAP Is a key Indicator to measure economic growth since it is a measurement that takes prices changes into consideration (The statistics Portal, 2014). Real shows the changes in the value of the national currency, known as inflation and deflation, which allows for the evaluation of a countrys annual GAP over a longer period of time (I. E. Years or decades). Glance on Economic Growth comparison between Australia, USA India AUSTRALIA The Australian economy has experienced continuous growth and features low unemployment, contained inflation, very less public debt, and a strong and stable continued economic growth, averaging 3. 5% year. Call for resources and energy from China and other Asian countries has rapidly grown, forming a good space for investments and growth in product exports. As Australian dollar is high and has hurt mainly manufacturing sector, on the other hand services sector covered largely in Australian economy, roughly about 70% of GAP and 75% of Jobs. Agriculture contributes 4% of GAP and Industry has a share of 27. 3% in GAP (The Statistics Portal Australia, 2014). Australia was one of the reasonably unaffected countries by the global financial crisis where the banking system was strength to keep inflation under control. Similarly, Australia is making a remarkable rise foreign trade with rising global product prices. Strength of Australia can be taken as an exporter of natural resources (mine), energy (coal), and food (agriculture). Australias rich and diverse natural resources fascinate global investment in high level. Major investments are in AOL, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. Continuous and major investments, apron. IIS$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project, meaningfully expand this sector. Australia considered to be an open market with fewer restrictions on trade of goods and services has enormously increased productivity, enthused growth, has made the economy significantly flexible and dynamic. Australia has mutual free trade treaties with Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and US. It also has very warm relation with commonwealth countries and exchanging agreements with China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, which are near and contributing countries in Economic growth. Australias economy is well developed and is currently ranked 13th in a GAP-based ranking of the worlds largest economies according to (Investigated, 2014). The International Monetary Fund estimates Australias 2010 GAP at 1. 22 trillion U. S. Dollars. Australias economy has been rising progressively at around 3%/annum for the last two decades. Australia has managed to maintain a positive GAP growth rate during the global financial recess, where almost the entire worlds biggest economies fallen into financial crises. However Australias unemployment rate was lightly increased during that period, still being stable at a reasonable rate of 5. 2% in 2010 in a comparison to 9. 6% of United States (Monasteries, 2014). Australia slowly accelerates the pace of its economic growth in the coming years. Survey shows that the GAP of Australia grew by 2. % in 2013 which consistent with last years growth rate and is forefront in developed economies. (Gestures, E. 2014) Record low interest rates finally make impacts on Australias economy. Because of low interest, it boosted house prices and household wealth, and stimulate the recovery of housing instruction and consumer spending. (Heath, M. 2014) The fast population growth enhanced the speed of GAP (more input of labors means more outputs). However, there is no evidence illustrate that it improves the per capita GAP of Australia. In fact, since 2007, there is little growth in per capita GAP. In other words, although it brings economic growth, the existing national welfare has not been improved. (Cowmen, T. 2008) USA USA being a largest and economically powerful country in the world is technically privately owned where state or federal government are the buyers of this private market. Its per capita GAP is $49800 according to Monasteries (2014). More flexible market than other European nations and Japan, for expansion, investments, and development of new product are its strength. Major strength of USA are technology, computers in Medical science, aerospace, service business, military technology has shrunken but still they rule the top most position with its gradual and steady growth. However the pay rise is always an issue in USA. Basic household income, house prices, oil prices and dividends are increased faster than expected, as a result closing down of business hiked between 2006 and 2008. The closure of business and banks started an economic crisis as falling home prices, tight credit, investment failures which further pushed down into recession by 2008. Along with GAP was unbelievably the deepest low and stayed for longest. US congress planned to form a trust with $700 Billion fund (TARP) to buy equity in US banks, and industries which gave quick return y 2011. Obama Government with previous body, agreed to add $787 billion for economy recovery, creating Jobs over 10 years (Monasteries, 2014). After the military action called off from Iraq and Afghanistan and around the world, added mom value in economic growth. With visionary strategy of Federal Reserve board aided good achievement which, as a result showed a positive effect in unemployment decrease. Though some major issues like benefits for lower-income families, insufficient investment in weakening infrastructure, fast rising medical and pension costs, energy crisis, and budget shortages including significant budget shortages for state governments has to be addressed to take a leap in economic growth in future. INDIA India is considered to be new open and fast growing market in the world after China. Prevarication in state owned enterprises, private investments in major industries, liberal measures in industry and good control over foreign trade starts two decades before accelerated the countrys economic growth. Diversity in economy incorporates traditional farming and agriculture, handicrafts, modern industries (mainly IT and telecommunication), where agriculture has highest work force however services is the major source of economic growth. India has made its English speaking well educated population as strength forming major source of Business outsourcing in IT (software) and Accounting (The Statistics Portal India, 2014). India roost these two major industries by 2010, however slowing down were in 2011 as government decreased its investments due to global crisis. This leaded to worsening in economy but from 2012, Indian government formed major strategy focusing on major population which is young, well-educated and visionary. Taking this as an advantage direct investments plans, global business integration, low dependency ratio, high savings played a vital role to accelerate the economy to new direction. India being an autocratic system in past now started working in root level addressing some prominent issues and halogens like, corruption, violence, poverty, discrimination against girls, family health are still in progress. Furthermore if higher enforcement in transport, higher education, infrastructure development, internal migration, non-agricultural based workforce is addressed the future has very wide range of development. Economic Growth Australia was comparatively least affected by the 2008 Recession as the inflation is under control and the banking system has remained strong (Index Mind 2014). It reached 2. 49 and 1. 37 per cent growth rates in terms of real GAP in 2008 and 2009 especially, comparing to USA where its growth rate plummeted down to negative values.. The contributions of Australias economic growth are profusion of raw materials, the Australian mining success, high commodity prices and large exports to developing countries like China (The statistics Portal, 2014). Down Under is an open market with fewer restrictions on imports of goods and services. This has increased stimulated growth, productivity, and made the economy more dynamic and flexible. The country plays an important role in the World Trade Organization, the 620, APACE, ND other trade forums The National Accounts and the Bureau of Statistics show Australias economy grew by 3. Per cent over the current year to March. Craig James, Comes chief economist, pointed out that the country is it its 23rd consecutive year of economic growth this year, that the Australian economy is doing very well. The economy grows above its normal pace because of interest rates are at historic lows, inflation is under control, exports, productivity is strong and home constructions and, 2014). Th is line graph shows the growth of GAP in Australia from 1999 to 2011. This graph shows the growth rate of Australias real GAP from 2003 to 2013. Source: wry. Satanist. Com GAP: $1. 5 trillion on 2013) United States of Americas Economic Growth USA has the worlds largest single economy. It has most diversified and advanced economies in the world.. It has a stable GAP growth rate and high levels of capital investment. Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, leasing, health care, social assistance, professional, business and educational services account for more than 40% of GAP. Retail and wholesale trade have a share of 12%. Government related services contribute 13% of GAP. Utilities, transportation and warehousing and information account for 10% of the GAP. Manufacturing, mining, and construction constitute 17% and Agriculture accounts for only 1. 5% of the GAP, yet due to use of advance technologies, the United States is a net exporter of food (Trading Economics, 2014). United States faced worst recession in 2008 wherein GAP fell by 5% in a year. It was caused by the supreme mortgage crisis, derivatives market and declining dollar value (Boundless, 2014). In 2012, the real GAP increased by 2. 8%. The slowing government expenditure and a decline in exports that were partly offset by the cline of imports and hastening in non-residential fixed investments (The Statistics portal, 2014). This graph shows the Growth of GAP from 2006 to 2014. In 2009, the GAP was recorded as negative. Source: wry. Satanist. Com GAP : $16. 6 trillion on 2013) and $17. 23 trillion ( in 2014) Indians Economic Growth Even with the world-wide recession in 2008 and 2009, India still succeeded to record remarkable GAP growth rates, especially when most of the countries noted negative growth. Indians workforce is expanding in the industry and services sectors and the agriculture sector in India is still a global power. According to Indians Planning Commission, rapid economic growth has resulted in decline in the poverty rate from 37. 2% in 2005 to 29. 8% in 2010. Per capita income doubled during these five years. Internationally, India has also become an important actor. Forming the I in the BRICKS group of nations, India plays a very important part in the leadership of the emerging markets and developing nations. In 2010, a growth of 8% was seen in Indian economy; however, it started declining in 2011 because of waning of investment caused by investor pessimism about the economic reforms of the government and global situation (Index mind, 2014). In late 2012, Indian Government announced reforms and measures to reverse Indians slowdown, which included higher levels of direct foreign investment in the economy. The outlook for Indians growth is positive because of young population and comparative low dependency ratio, increasing integration into the global economy, and healthy savings and investment rates. Indians growth strategy actually holds lessons for developing nations. Recent years have witnessed a shift of economic power and attention to strengthening economies of BRICE countries. The growth rate of GAP in these countries is larger than in rotationally strong economies like United States of America. This line graph shows the growth of GAP from 1999 to 2011. This graph shows the Real growth rate from 2004 to 2014. It is evident that it was growing till 2007, then experienced a decline in 2008-09 and again rose in 2010. After 2012, because of the reforms and measures taken by government, the economy is now growing. Source: wry. Satanist. Com GAP : $1. 87 trillion( 2013) Effects of Economic Growth on the Society in Australia, USA and India Economic broad paths, each business cycles display all the phases of cycle, its characteristic fifer from one to another cycle. Benefits of the economic growth: Higher real income per capita living standard can be realized due to increase in productivity resource used. Higher real income raises the purchasing power thus living standard through improvement in material welfare. Higher level of the economic growth encourages higher level of saving. Higher level of economic growths tend in leading to increase level of productivity technological progresses since resource are been used efficiently as producer cut costs innovate with rising demands for goods services. Higher rate economic growth which result in employment creations falling unemployment level also lead to higher income for previously unemployed. The Growth can create many opportunities for the underemployed worker. Economic growth, that generate higher GAP, leads to increase in taxation revenues for government. Government use taxation revenues to provide economic social infrastructure to fund social security systems for provision of the welfare payment. Higher level of the economic growth may contribute new business investments. New investments opportunities in the source projects capital equipment may results from the higher sustain economic growth. It involves increase in real outputs, which may export. Export incomes can be used in financing imports of the capital consumer item. The gain from trades includes higher living standard. A nation that high rate of the economic growth more likely as to able in reducing extent of the absolute povertys. Economic growth permit improvements in the social welfare including: Benefit to personal lifestyle from the greater real incomes. Reduction in the class hostility. More leisure time workers can trade off as for the extra work in income rise. It enables Australian to use the leisure time, develop new industries. United States of America United States has the most technologically and diversified advanced economy in todays world. Insurance, Finance, rental, real estate, leasing, social assistance, health care, professional, educational business services accounts for much more than 40% of GAP. Wholesale and Retail trade create another 12% of wealth. The governments related service fuel 13% of GAP. Transportation,utilities and warehousing for 10% of GAP. Mining, Manufacturing and construction constitutes% of the outputs. Gordon, 1998) Agriculture account for 1. 5% of GAP, due to the use of the advance technologies, United States is net exporters of food. United State GAP minimize / shrank at annual rate 1. 0% in first quarter(2014), According to second estimate by commerce Department In these three years it was the worst performance estimated 0. 1%. This happened due to sharp fall in the inventory investment biggest trade deficit. Therefore downturn in percent changes in GAP primarily is reflected downturn in the fixed investments in the state local governments spending were partly offset and upturn in the spending of federal government. (Gordon, 1998) Society is divided into 3 parts. 1 . The Wealthy Mostly rely on the domestic help as for shopping grocery, buy all kind of staples prefer in buying fresh vegetables food locally from small grocers vendors, other product from the general merchant. 2. The Poor Purchase basic staples on first day every month other staple they can afford daily later purchase more merchandises on the credit. Single use package sales are frequent. 3. The Middlemans Divide purchasing habit and majority shop on own at their favorite coal shops where concern about quality of lower priced product were critical. The concern of increasing gap between the rich the poor is shown in shopping habits. The outlooks for food retails landscape is also increasing daily and it restrict people of the lower classes to afford accept changes brought through globalization. There are positive negative aspect to India economic trade policies in global markets. The gap in between the riches the poorer in nation is been seen to expand significantly since the new economic initiative open new global market, specifically in food retails industry. So At same time, the political changes had hampered sum international corporate effort within domestic sphere which traditionally protected from the foreign interest. India is also seen to realize its potential as in global economy and in term of growth, and there is some gap in between reality and potential. Many people still within out of Indian government predicts that rates of the economic financial growth will improve in the future eventually rises number of individual who can also be considered as the potentials in helping the growth of food retails landscapes of India. Conclusion Australia, USA and India have their own strengths that help them grow economically. Sectors like services, agriculture, finance and manufacturing give a big impact on the growth of a countrys economy. But in a business cycle where there is a financial crisis or recession, there are countries like Australia and India that displays their stability and are less impacted with the crisis. And with the ups and downs of the economy, the people in the society are the one who are greatly affected. To minimize the negative impact of such crises, a country should prepare very well based on satirical records of their economy.