The management challenges posed by the emergence of e-commerce Essay

The management challenges posed by the emergence of e-commerce - Essay physical exertionSome of the most common examples are as follows online buying, selling or investing share backing electronic marketplaces like www.amazon.com or online auctions like www.ebay.com e-bookstores and e-grocers web-based reservation systems and ticket purchasing electronic data transplant or marketing email and message postings on web-logs music and video downloads online discussion boards and learning facilities blustering source projects online banking or the electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, etc.Today, as each single of us knows technology is breaking through geographical barriers and distance, integrating the whole human beings into an interconnected village. The end point global village is a commonly used metaphor to describe the mass media particularly the earnings and World Wide Web. This is only possible because of the inter-connectivity which is brought about by e-com merce. The Internet globalises converse by providing fortune to people from around the world to connect with each other. Likewise, web-connected computers enable people to link their web sites unneurotic (Answers.com, 2008).An innovative medium of Internet has connected the whole world very closely. A person in America writes a mail and in less than a minute it reaches to someone in China. also chats and web cam has made it possible to becharm people on the other side of the world and peach as if you were sitting next to each other (Sanchania, 2005). It took only a few years for these technological innovations spread across the world. Anyone having access to internet can communicate, shop, and even use internet banking system. The new world of internet provides information on anything to anyone who has access to a computer and a telephone. People can see each other, chat and talk as if they are physically present. As far as communication and the dissemination of information i s

Thomas Jefferson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Thomas Jefferson - Essay ExampleIn his opinion, Alexander was various from his peers and would relieve the people from oppression.Jefferson believed that the monarchy system was a flawed system, but also mute that not all societies had reached the level required to sustain a republic. He had a great grasp for Tsar Alexander and even wrote to him constantly to commend him for his good character. He believed that Alexander was an enlightened monarch who would alleviate the suffering of his people. He even asked Alexander to mediate the ongoing dispute between the unite States and Britain. The author of the Three Emperors feels that it is because of this admiration for Alexander that Jefferson accepted the gift.In the parlor, President Jefferson placed the bust adversary the bust of Napoleon to show that the two were totally different. The author of this book feels that these two rulers were not different from each other, but just had different ways of doing the same thing. The au thor feels that the distinction should have been Jefferson and the European rulers. Jefferson was concerned with access to land and the international trade for the state to flourish. The author states that Jefferson was pragmatic in the promoter he apply to achieve the success of his people, although he was guided by clear ideological visions.Jefferson used statecraft means to achieve his goals of protecting the interests of the people of America from a world that he believed was hostile. Jeffersons way of leadership showed that he belonged to the idealist school of thought that believes that the policies that determine action in America, should be based on moral principles. Jefferson was able to achieve his long-term diplomatic success by employ moral principles and a righteous tone. He envisioned a world where disputes between nations were resolved amicably without resulting in war. He used different means to attain whatever he wanted, but the results were consistent.I would ho ld

Fed Acts to Fix Jobs Market Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fed Acts to Fix Jobs Market - Article ExampleBernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve, this come across would urge the people to spend more in buying commodities, investments and exports. The Federal Reserve has given its committal to this program until the job market scenario in the US improves. This move has resulted in heavy investments in the air market, gold and other such assets and the Dow Jones average for industries reached a new high after a correspondent rise in 2007. However, this announcement has resulted in a price hike for basic commodities such as oil that has created unease among the people who fear an impending rise in basic essentials.Though the familiarise program is considerably less compared to the $1.25 trillion and $600 billion bond-buying programs which were launched in 2009 and 2010 respectively, the Federal Reserve has further announced that the current program could be extended to buy agency-mortgage securities and other assets if no major improvemen t is seen in the job market. Though this move has been criticized as being less aggressive by academics and economists, the central bevel chairman has argued that the Federal Reserve is doing its best to stimulate the economy and also the present program could be further extended if and when required. The Federal Reserve has mainly aimed its program on those who have been out of appointment and are in need of economic security until they find employment. In his address to the media, Mr. Bernanke noted that the seven-day people are out of work the harder it is to find another job as their work amaze is at stake. The central bank has also announced that it would continue its Operation Twist program finished which it would buy treasury bonds amounting to $45 billion every month which will be used to stemma the mortgage purchases. And if the economic situation does not improve significantly it has proposed to purchase treasury bonds through property printing in addition to purcha sing mortgages. In addition it also plans to keep short-term

Capital budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital budgeting - Essay ExampleIn addition, NPV approach provides a clear indication on how the profits will be obtained, unlike IRR and allowanceback approaches. Therefore, the NPV is the most useful tool in ascertain valuation (Arthur, 2014).Of the three techniques (NPV, IRR, and payback period, the least(prenominal)(prenominal) useful tool to use is the IRR, because discount rate has an rearward relationship with NPV. When NPV continues to increase, the anticipated future funds flows become less valuable and hence making IRR least useful tool to use in project valuation. On the other hand, payback approach is the bet on least useful tool to use after IRR. The Payback period read how long the cash flow obtained from the project will recover the initial pileus outlay. In addition, the payback period fails to indicate the amount of cash flow to be generated from the project. However, it is the simplest method of calculating project forecast (Arthur, 2014).The answer would non be the same because a negative NPV will be obtained when cost of capital increases from 14% to 25%. It means that as the cost of the capital increase the return obtained from the project decreases significantly up to a negative (Peterson & Fabozzi,2002). Such decrease makes the project un- advantageous and, therefore, it is advisable for the EEC not to invest when cost of capital increases to 25%.If EEC did not save an even cash flow of $500,000 per year, the answer would be the same.The least amount of investment that would make this investment attractive to EEC is $100,000. From the above scenario, the EEC would be free to pay the supplier $2000, 000.The president of EEC should be aware that if the cost of capital increases as discussed above, the central effect is a negative NPV. It means that the project will be no longer profitable to the company (Arthur, 2014).If the expected savings are less than $500,000 per annum, it will be difficult for the ECC to pay its supplier a capital of $2000, 000, and

Answering 6 questions based on the book All the Shah's Men Essay

Answering 6 questions based on the book in all the Shahs Men - Essay ExampleMohammed, the prophet of Islam preached his ideas on one and only God, the almighty. Ali Khomeini, an Iranian political leader, had extensive influence on religion and Islamic Republic of Iran. He acted the role of a link amongst politics and religion in Iran. Hussein Khomeini, grandson of the founder of Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, played a neutral role between religion and politics in Iran. Religious thought and nationalism can be seen as the common factor which binds these individuals together. The teachings of Zoroaster guided Iran to religious tolerance and integration. But the teachings of Mohammed eventually directed Iran to belligerent nationalism. The influence of Ali Khomeini insisted the government to stick on to the rules set by the religious leadership in Iran. The religious and political ideology put forth by Hussein Khomeini was against the militant nationalism of the religious leaders and it supported the sense of nationhood among Iranians. Stephen Kinzer points out that Before great powers take far-reaching decisions that can reshape the world, their leaders commonly consider the lessons of history. (Kinzer xii) the great powers possess the duty to take proper decisions on international affairs. But the general influence of religion, especially Islam insists Iran to be an Islamic Republic.2. Stephen Kinzer points out that the role of the Britain in Iran is that of colonial growth. They were not in favor of nationalization of oil assets controlled by the British companies. Kinzer points out that The wealth that flowed from beneath Irans demesne played a decisive role in maintaining Britain (Kinzer 2) the wealth looted from the oil trade helped the British government to monopoly in oil trade but the exploitation badly affected the people of Iran. The exploitation by Britain made Iran

Transition From in Rem to in Personam Dimensions of Property Essay

Transition From in Rem to in Personam Dimensions of Property - Essay ExampleThis topic is the best analysis of the most important theoretical concepts, developed by great economist and lawyers during know centuries, regarding the definition of a airscrew. From the concept of right in rem, property rights impose a duty and hold to anyone, thus, providing a sense of security to a person who introduces improvement to the resourcesIn the desire of the economists and economically point lawyers to define property in the context of the economic system, they drifted away from the in rem concept of property. They seek to determine property relationships in an economic perspective using some variables. This evolved property as a right to a thing to a mere collection of rights and privileges which are easily distributable, categorizing it as rights in personam. For the realists, the move to dethrone the concept of property as a natural right is politically motivated. Since property is a m ere collection of interests, which social convention determines, the posit may intervene, regulate and redistribute property. The state may vary list of interests for the general welfare, thereby allowing greater state intervention on sparing and reducing the constitutional rights guaranteed to property owners Although law and economics movement was skeptical towards state intervention, its economic scholars embraced the statutory realists creative activity of bundle-of-rights. To them, property is a listing by the state of permitted uses of a limited resource - the hyper-realist conception of property attributed to Ronald Coase. His 1960 article, The Problem of Social Cost, becomes the groundwork for later theorists on this subject. Three schools of thought followed Coases mentation of property as a collection of use rights.

The Perception of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The intuition of Nursing - Essay ExampleThe term leadinghip is usually exposit as the procedure of bear on or motivating a collection of people in order to act accordingly for the offer of accomplishing a common target. An effective leader is viewed to be an inspiration as well as the film director of different activities which leads, influences, guides and commands people by a considerable level. The important features of a successful leader connote possessing the competence of building effectual communication proficiencies, quick problem-solving, making valuable decisions consistently and bookly. It has been apparent from the position that the aspect of leadership is deemed to be a vital management function which helps to maximize the individual competencies as well as probabilities in relation to the put onment of the expected organizational objectives (Northouse, 2009). The popular opinion of nursing leadership refers to those activities which are performed by a nurs e practitioner in order to provide a beat level of patient care. The leadership skills of a nurse practitioner includes making valuable decisions, resolving whatever sort of conflicts within the team members or multidisciplinary colleagues, acting with increasing integrity and maintaining a strong collaboration with every working member. In relation to the principles of a successful leader, the facet of nursing leadership entails the pattern of interpersonal as well as communication skills in order to manipulate different members with the goal of attaining a specific objective (Frankel, 2008). The meaning of the general term applicability is relevant or appropriate to anything that may be applied in order to acquire an optimistic response. Moreover, it can be described as a deliberate act of applying any kind of a practical application for a specific reason or use (Riviere, 2011). ). For instance, in relation to this discussion, the applicability of nursing leadership with fore cast to the effectiveness of the patient as well as staff outcomes in modern clinical practices has been portrayed. Conversely, the notion of effectiveness is principally described as the capacity of delivering or ensuring an effect in order to attain a predetermined purpose. Additionally, it is also defined as the extent towards which the different objectives are accomplished and the horizontal surface towards which the targeted problems are being solved in an efficient manner (Waldt, 2004). The importance of nursing leadership in relation to patients relies on the fact that the nursing leaders play an imperative part in fortune different patients with utmost personal care along with shaping the profession of nursing in order to become more responsive in todays changing healthcare systems. The nursing leaders usually

I want you to paraphrase the Human Rights Standards, i will write down Essay

I want you to paraphrase the Human Rights Standards, i will write down in the description bow what i want you to write or so - Essay ExampleThis is in order to avoid undermining the presumption of innocence and to reinforce the prosecutions case. Similarly, a trial judges direction to the jury is nonjudgmental and not mandatory as per the law. This implies that the jury is at liberty to establish that the accused had acted with objective founded on the evidence presented at trial. The butterfly should ensure that it upholds human rights of the accused to access fair trial and prove his or her innocence. The jury inevitably to gather enough evidence that finds the accused to be on the wrong of committing the unlawful act. The human rights standards defend all the accused persons against unfair justices or disregard of their innocence by the trial courts. As a result, it ensures that the courts must confirm without any trace of doubt that the accused was liable of committing an unl awful act or had the intent of breaking the

History and Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History and Literature - study ExampleHistory routines a decisive role in developing a nations culture. Literature, in turn, is based upon the culture of a nation. Thus, history affects the literature of a nation through culture. A lot of books have been published on the great battles that have occurred in the world from time to time. early(a) books that are not directly written on wars reflect the impacts of war on the society in different ways. Owing to the great role of history in shaping a nations literature, both are considered subordinates of each other. History brings facts into literature. In the contemporary age, facts and figures are valued a lot. Facts and figures play a fundamental role in enhancing the value of literature. Literature progresses with research. Research is fundamentally based on the literature review pertaining to the topic of research. Audience looks out for numeric figures that fundamentally come from the history. In the current age, people are obses sed with the notion of nothing but facts. This has created a lot of schism mingled with predictions and forecasts made on the basis of historic data. Nowadays, predictions are of no scientific value. Researchers are required to popularize the past trends to estimate the future. We get to learn a lot about history from the stories we read.

Performance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance Art - Essay ExampleIn such a carrying out, there are majorly two factors that are analysed that bring the difference in sundry(a) performing groups. The musical aspect the musical part of the presentation plays a vital role in the whole orchestra it is the music that moves the emotion and feelings of the hearing. It is from the music being played that the audience can feel that it is a sad moment or happy moment. Music played can therefore occasionally raise some people to shade tears or ululate in happiness. Therefore, in any performance music plays a key role in touching peoples emotions. The music must be well arranged despite being generated from different musical equipments. The equipments must be mighty tuned to play within a certain keynote to avoid discord. Music, therefore, is the pillar of sending information since it is where the audience gets the shows and explanation of what the performance is all about. Clarity is as well important while singing, and it is from the clear wording that the audience will get to hear the words and comprehend the words accordingly. Visual aspect in the performance has a key function it is the visual part that the audience are able to cop and appreciate everything that is taking place in the stage. When people visualise the participants performing, they internalize the non-verbal communication taking place. It is compulsive in any performance since there are some things that can only be acted to communicate an information rather than say them. The moves must be very distinct and avoid mix-ups.

Ford Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ford - Research Paper ExampleThe accompany is deeply concerned about the biotic community within its business operation. Ford motor company operates in many parts of the world. For example, in Australia the company developed a program that provides support to the community within their plants. Community support and corporate initiatives go been Ford travel participation responsibility since its inception after 1903. The founder of the company, Hendry Ford supported employees on the job(p) for his company by providing educational support he did this by building schools. Additionally, the founder believed and supported environmental sustainability. The founders legacy has been taken over by the company (Corporate Social Responsibility, n.d.). frequent Motors is the primary(prenominal) competitor of Ford Motor Company in the U.S. world(a) Motors is the biggest manufacturer of trucks and cars. Well known brands for General Motors are Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, Opel, Daewoo and H olden. The company has both local and international operations. However, Ford Motor Company has recently gained to a greater extent market shares in the U.S. The increase in market share was attributed to consumer preference of their fuel efficient engines. some(prenominal) of the vehicles of Ford Motor Company in the U.S. that boosted its market share are Fusion, Escape and F-series. Additionally, Ford Motor Company performance shortly is well, this evidenced from its rise in New York Stock Exchange by 3%. However, its major rival is down by 16%. The main problem of GM currently is the recalls the company made because of defective ignition switches (Blanc, 2014).Ford is faced with serious competition internationally from Toyota, Nissan, General Motors, Honda and Chrysler. The fact is that, most of the competitors brands are cheaper and fuel efficient than Ford Motor Company brands. However, recently, the company showed expediency internationally with an international operation co ntributing to 35% to stock prices (Trefis Team 2010).Ford Motor Company depends on

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SITE VISIT PAPER Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SITE yell - Research Paper ExampleHowever, every coin has two sides, and EHRs micturate their positive and negative sides as well. When implementing EHRs, there are various issues that healthcare professionals should consider, some of which include medication reconciliation and safety. This paper addresses these third issues, medication reconciliation, safety and EHRs by reporting an interview with a chemists shop director who has practical experience on EHRs as a result of them being implemented and utilized in his hospital.From the interview, EHR involves the storage of persevering data (health records) in an electronic form. This data is retrieved electronically using computers and hand held devices, such as tablets, iPads and iPhones.The pharmacy director informed that their organization implemented EHR system five years ago. Since EHR system is a in the raw concept in the healthcare field, this organization can be considered a pioneer in EHR.The prima ry(prenominal) aim of this interview activity was to identify the benefits that EHR is offering organizations that have successfully implemented it, and this part covers the take a breath of the interview questions. The interviewee summarized the benefits that their organization has realized from the implementation of EHRs as follows improved efficiency in healthcare improvement delivery, reduced operational costs and hence reduced cost of healthcare services, improvement in clinical decision-making, improved health in the society and improvement in enduring care including improved patient safety and equity (Menachemi and Collum, 2011). The interviewee noted that EHRs have enabled professionals in his organization to have complete, accurate and up-to-date reading about patients, which helps in making crucial decisions. Additionally, in accordance with HealthIT (2014), the pharmacy director noted that EHRs have helped the organization to share

Shute article is at pages 445-458 Crim. L.R 2002, June Coursework

Shute article is at pages 445-458 Crim. L.R 2002, June - Coursework ExampleIn 1997 she was charged with six counts of theft, five counts covering m aneys withdrawn and one count of a television set transferred by Mr. dolphin to the appellant. In November the appellant was tried. The prosecution claimed that the appellant had prejudiced and coerced Mr. mahimahi to discharge the withdrawals from his account into hers. Evidence produced included documents with the summary of the flow of the funds. Further, Building society employees testimonies about the back up visits by the appellant and Mr. Dolphin to effect the withdrawals was also included. The appellant was claimed to have done most of the talking. A doctor also assessed Mr. Dolphins I.Q. and found it to be low, claiming that Mr. Dolphin was capable of living a normal and undemanding life. He described him to be naive and religious beliefing so much and as well one with no ideas of the value of his assets or the ability to ca lculate their value. Although, he acknowledged that Mr. Dolphin would be competent in making a gift and understood the concept of ownership. He also thought that Mr. Dolphin was capable of making the decision to deprive himself of money, but that it was unlikely that he could mother the decision alone. The appellant denied having no money except a check for a loan. In civil law, transactions that be renderer voidable are transactions involving minor, mental impaired persons, those entered into through duress, un collectible influence, mistake or misrepresentation. In this case, the transaction was therefore voidable in civil law as Mr. Dolphin was mentally incapacitated. In law, for a gift to be valid, it depends on three things, that is delivery, the intent to donate, and acceptance when done. Although, the court also evaluates to make sure that there is actuality, to make sure that one was non defrauded by the donor, coerced to make the gift, or strongly prejudiced in an unfa ir manner. There has to be an intent to deliver the title to the donor. In equity, to make a gift, one has to reassign legal title to the donee. Law cannot then step in to succor if one has not complied with the formalities necessary to transfer legal title to hold on trust for the beneficiary. On her appeal, Hinks grounds were that there was no appropriation since she acquired a perfectly valid gift. The Court of spell rejected this ground, stating that the issue that had been made a valid gift was irrelevant to the question of whether there had been an appropriation. Indeed, it held that a gift may be evidence of an appropriation. According to LJ Rose, Section 1 of the Theft Act 1968 does not require that there has been no gift, but merely that there has been an appropriation. Such an approach would be variable with the cases of Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 1972 A.C. 626 and R v. Gomez 1993 A.C. 442. The state of mind of the donor is irrelevant. It was said that the authorities hold up a strong distinction between the separate ingredients of dishonesty and Appropriation. Shute,1 makes arguments concerning the issue of theft and appropriation. He puts forrad the following points The case sets up a conflict between the criminal and civil law. The law appears to be hypothetical, by telling Hinks that she received a valid gift in civil law, but take it in criminal law. Steyn LJ, in the majority decision, accepted a possible conflict, but stated that this was acceptable, due to the different goals that civil and criminal laws have. The civil law

Ripple Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ripple Effect - Essay Examplemodern popular cultural texts abide a major impact on the society because a number of aspects are now cosmos talked about which was not the case in the past.It is a fact that media alters society and that too by a large proportion. This has been made clear by an understanding that gets its basis from the belief that media avenues and platforms in essence affect a great part of the society whether or not which likes to keep in touch with what is victorious place on the media and the kind of attention society is being given to (Martin, 2011). This is one of the reasons why media is contend a significant role and hence the responsibility aspect has become bigger and better with the changing times nonetheless. What affects most of the society is how well the media is portraying the societal domains and this has been made sure of by the proponents and advocates that are making the rounds of the media circles and regimes (Hannabuss,

Crime in International Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crime in International Context - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that application of the state-territorial reserve commandment is argued to give rise to a dualistic blast towards a particular crime because of the significant join of differences between countries perspective and legislation to tackle to various offenses. The exact nature and limitation of this principle go forth be discussed through the example of Raymond Davis and Aafia Siddiqui in later parts of the prose to help further understanding of the state-territorial principle and why criminologists need to look beyond it. The substance of this prose will trunkatically assess all aspects of multinational crimes and demonstrate both national and international contexts in which the crime is prosecuted and demonstrate it primarily through the cudgel of human trafficking in the United States. The prose will also assess the strategies adopted by countries to help admit the problem. II. State-Territorial teaching Th e state-territorial principle dictates that sovereign states are able to prosecute crimes that are commit within their borders and hence, triggers a number of complications when it comes to dealing with crimes that require legislation beyond the acress borders. The principle bars the country from exercising control and prosecuting the perpetrator outside its border. However, the principle stands null and void for those countries that possess universal jurisdiction or those who have been granted to exercise their control by other principles such as the Principle of nationality, the passive personality principle or the protective principle. The territorial principle is based on the premise that criminal jurisdiction is based on the place where the crime was perpetrated. Having defined the state territorial principle and the dynamics involved in its application on the prosecution and tackling of crimes, criminologists have often argued that criminology postulate to move beyond the state-territorial principle. It is a logical approach to decide the course of jurisdiction however, there are several arguments for and against it. As the state-territorial principle bars research analysts from establishing theories to study international and transnational crimes. It is an undeniable point that every country establishes legislation to tackle crimes according to the perception and gravity of the crime that depends upon the cultural stance of the country. Therefore, in order to pave way for the researcher and establish a more uniform approach to these crimes, it is important to move beyond the state territorial principle. Furthermore, sometimes people may feel that the perpetrator of a transnational crime has not received a punishment that is proportional or tolerable to his or her offence however, it is the countrys law and regulation that allow that punishment for the crime as a result in order to draw a verdict that is acceptable to the legal system of both coun tries. State territorial principle has been met with a highly dual approach by researchers and critics. whatever critics have argued, As a matter of convenience crimes should be dealt with by those states whose social order is roughly closely affected, and in general this will be the state on whose territories the crime are committed

Partnership among employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

union among employees - Essay ExampleWhen one speaks or thinks about an industry or an office or an constitution, the mental depict, one visualizes is of machines, smoke outlets, sirens etc, etc (in case of industries) and papers, computers, cabins etc, etc (in case of offices). But, the essential thing that the mind crops out is the picture of a working human. Without delving deeply into why mind always associate industry and office with non-living things, the chief is, humans are the crucial things who slew put an organization in a cruise musical mode in terms of production, sales, profits, etc. So, the workers only form the crucial cog in the running of the organization. Only if these crucial workers are recruited or staffed optimally through an effective recruitment process, the organization can achieve optimum success. Even with automation and computerization happening in every segments of organization, all the important processes inside the organization mainly rests with the humans. Even though, all the important processes starts and ends with the leader or the management team, the workers will also be included, as part of undefeated work teams or Partnership for Progress. Partner for Progress is the organizational term given to the UK government policy which spelled out how employees should work in partnership as teams for the successful functioning of the organizations. That is, since late 1990s, the U.K. ... So, this paper will critically evaluate the concept of Partnership in employee relations by identifying and describing what organizational requirements must be in place and also what impediments should not be in place, to dress up the stage for successful Partnership, focussing particularly on the role of leaders.Organization requirements for the establishment of successful PartnershipInvolving the employees productively and creating partnershipIn any organizations, the successful Partnership can be successfully set or established, if the taper or the management team of the unit put their thoughts, strategies and also the organizational goals for discussion among the other brass instrument officers or workers. This way the workers as a form of work teams can be involved productively. That is, the workers can input their gained knowledge and experience in the decision making process. This strategy will have upset(prenominal) at the same time favourable results, because one may never know from where, when and importantly from whom a great idea could come. Dont tell people how to do things, tell them what to do and let them surprise you with their results (Patton). So, involving and allowing co-workers to correspond a part as work teams will yield optimum results, as it create as well as optimize partnership and thereby performance among the employees. But, the aspect that should be taken solicitude is, even though the workers can be optimally involved as work teams, the head or the management team of the unit shou ld be the final authority. So, if this requirement is fulfilled, successful partnership among the employees can be established successfully, by involving the co-workers of the unit in the appropriate stages. Leaders should be a role warning to

The Impaired Employee and Liability Essay Example for Free

The Impaired Employee and Liability EssayI rely that the first ethical term is the f figure that the potential employee was upfront in revealing that he had a degenerative progressive condition that could result in a deterioration. He did not have to acquire this to our attention and his physicians are not even able to predict when the disabling condition will look or if it will appear at all. The candidate was demonstrating his own highly ethical behavior which is in the end what we are looking for in an employee. The second ethical love is that we are responsible for displaying the same miscellanea of ethical behavior we expect from our employees. The basis for any ethical decision is based on what is chastely right or wrong. The right thing to do in any hiring situation is to hire the topper possible candidate.The candidate in question went through the screening and interview process and was the number unrivaled pick of mine and the screening committee. His potentia l health problems have nothing to do with his professional abilities and whether or not he would be able to competently perform his duties. A third ethical consideration is the fact that I shared my concerns with other high ranking company officials and instead of looking at the qualifications of the candidate they looked at the financial risk the candidate could impose on the company in the future. I believe we should have considered what an plus his skills and abilities would have been to the company versus an unknown financial risk collectable to a possible disability that may not occur. Identify and explain at least three reasoned considerations.The first legal consideration would be in denying the candidate employment because of any kind of disability. The Americans with Disabilities act prohibits any employer from discriminating against a qualified individual with a disability in the job occupation procedure, hiring, firing, advancement and other privileges of employment ( EEOC, 2008). The qualifications of the individual should be the only determining factor on whether or not they are hired. The second legal consideration could be that the screening committee shared hole-and-corner(a) information about the candidate without his knowledge. The physicians of the candidate did not even know whether or not the disability would occur or to what extent so there was no reason to share this information with anyone else.The brook legal consideration is the liability that could come with hiring this candidate. Healthcare organizations have a corporate responsibility to model reasonable care in selecting and retaining employees (Showalter, 2008, pg. 137). If the Health Service organization were to hire this candidate knowing he could possibly become disabled and then get appal on the job because the facility did not properly accommodate his disability then they would be liable for any injuries that the employee might incur patch on the job. Identify and ex plain at least three Business considerations. One backup consideration is what the candidate could potentially bring to the business. His skills and qualifications ranked him as the number one candidate which would make him an addition to the company.The possibility of the candidate equaling the company money is a vague at best nevertheless the potential good he could do the company is set forth in his qualifications. Another business consideration would be the cost to the company if the candidate were hired and did end up with a disability. redden though they can not discriminate against the candidate for having a possibility disability they should evaluate the cost that the company would incur if it had to accommodate his disability in the future. There is the potential of the employee missing time due to his disability and the cost of providing reasonable accommodations. The last business consideration is that the screening committee has a work to evaluate and screen potenti al employees with no bias. If they deny employment to a candidate based on this information they are compromising their integrity.They need to have and follow a specific set of guidelines in take careing, screening and recommending potential candidates for employment. Another business consideration is the possibility that if the candidate were not hired that he would file a complaint stating that he was discriminated against because he revealed his health status. Even if he could not canvas it there would still be an investigation, a trial and publicity about the case that could possibly hurt the reputation of the facility. Give your decision as the Vice President for health Services and the rationale for the decision.The search and screening committee found an outstanding candidate for the mid-level management position. It is not ethically or de jure right to eliminate this candidate based on a possible disability in his future. It is my trade to hire the most qualified candida te and even though he may have a health issue in the future he is, in the present, my candidate of choice. His skills and abilities will be an asset to our organization. Any future disability will be dealt with when the time comes.ReferencesFacts about the Americans with Disabilities Act. (2008). Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http//www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html Showalter, J. S. (2008). The law of healthcare nerve (5th ed.). Chicago HealthAdministration Press.

My School Essay Example for Free

My School EssayI,________,have been a factor of the _________School District my entire life. For me shallow has been a mixture of emotions. Some geezerhood I loved teach and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. The movie Stand and Deliver made me wonder how much better of a savant I could have been if all my instructors cared as much as Mr. Escalante. In dim-witted school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 3rd grade but therefore I started to hate school. It became problematicer for me to get good grades and I felt dumb.Many of my teachers also had my sister, who was an A+ scholar so they would always make statement about how I should follow in her footsteps and such. But I was never as smart as her or good at school like she was. at once I was in the 3rd grade I began to dispute with all subjects except reading, once this struggle began I started to care less about school and grades. Middle school is where things began to turn around for me. In the 6th grade I had Mr. Pollock as one of my teachers.He was the most caring teacher I have ever had,he showed me I could do anything I put my mind alike and he pushed me to succeed the way Mr. Escalante pushed his students. In the movie Mr. Escalante says Students will rise to the level of expectations and this is exactly what my teacher did to me, he set the expectations high and then pushed me to exceed them. High school was another good experience. I always was a teachers pet and got good grades without really trying. I never canvass while in high school and was very involved in extracurricular activities.This was good for me then but has caused me problems now. Now that I am in college and have to study and really work hard I dont do as good as I would like. In my panorama my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didnt learn to push myself. I got by eithe r exclusively barely or passing with degenerate colors I, Thanh Nguyen, I have been grown up in Vietnam, so I went to elementary, middle, high school there. And the education is a lots harder here in States.For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 5rd grade but then I started to hate school In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didnt learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors

Bombardier Transportation & the Adtranz Acquisition Essay Example for Free

Bombardier Transportation the Adtranz Acquisition EssayBombardier had evolved from its humble beginnings as a snowmobile manufacturing business based in Joseph-Arman an Bombardiers garage to a global business in which its once core recreational products were over shadowed, on a revenue basis at least, by its offerings in transportation, aerospace, and capital. In every segment in which the company operated it was either number 1 or 2 globally. This was non the case for the Transportation group (BT) in Europe, where in 2001 it sat in fourth send off behind Alstom, Siemens and Adtranz (AT). However, the AT acquisition presented the opportunity to vault BT to the forefront of the industry. At a set tag of US$715 million (23% of ATs 2000 revenue) AT was a bargain and an opportunity outlay considering for several reasonsRevenue Growth Unlike all other Bombardier businesses, BTs revenue was counter-cyclical so developing in the sector would provide better balance to its overall revenue (Figure C1 in Appendix C).With the step-up of AT, BTs annual rail-related revenue could grow to US$7.6 billion in 2001 (up from US$2.2 billion in 2000) with a backlog of US$14.5 billion. 1While BT was a low margin business it was a cash generator that helped to finance other Bombardier businesses.Geographic Expansion AT had a presence in a broader range of European markets and the region was viewed as the center of technological development. Asia and South America apply European engineering and practices so AT provided BT better access to future markets.Completion of Product Portfolio BT lacked actuation system and train controls competence. This had been mitigated by outsourcing to rivals and suppliers however it was a competitive weakness as was exemplified by ATs exclusion from a key deal in the UK in 2000. AT excelled in these areas, and provided immediate cost synergies and long term strategic strength. Naturally the acquisition was not without its downside. There we re many a(prenominal) aspects of the deal that warranted considerationAcquisition SizeWhile BT had a successfully track record of acquisitions it had never integrated a company of ATs size. Based on 2000 figures, AT had nearly 40% more employees, just under 50%more in sales, and operated in 60 locales. The differing company structures were also of concern.Financial PerformanceAT posted net losses going back 4 historic period in spite of restructurings. Even at a bargain purchase price, an unsuccessful integration could exist BTs income and cash flow.Due DiligenceAT was understandably reticent to let a competitor gain full access to its books should the deal not complete, so BTs diligence process was not comprehensive. Furthermore BTs European management had not participated in the deal only amplifying the potential risks. node LossThe acquisition could trigger the loss of customers or new contracts. Additionally, AT had earned a disposition for poor production and servicing tha t competitors could exploit.A comprehensive plan would be required to realize the project synergies, tackle the above noted concerns, and should the deal clear anticipate and address regulator stipulations.

Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay Example for Free

Grammar and remote Material Detracts Essay1. pen too much. Some students think the suggested rogue limits are just a general guideline, and its a good idea to go over them. Usually it isnt. While a prof may not mind a make-up thats slightly above the limit, especially if the content is good, students who go on and on show a lack of discipline and focus that usually dooms their work.Read 10 Secrets to College Success.2. Writing too little. Its common for professors to encounter constitutions that trail off well short of the minimum page limit. This is often a sign that the student just doesnt know comely ab give away the topic, hasnt ordain enough thought into what he or she is going to say, or merely gestures at profound full points rather than explaining them in detail. If you find your paper is coming up short, do more working.3. Not replying the question. Some students mentation the paper assignment as a chance to free-associate. They consider the question or task assign by the professor as more of a suggestion (or prompt) of manything to talk about, rather than a center request for discussion of a specific issue. Professors, especially ones who excite spent hours piece of music up the assignment, dont slang this kindly. In our experience, students lose more points from not answering the question than for making errors in what they write.4. Including irrelevant material. Its a continual mystery to professors why some students feel compelled to include material that clearly isnt relevant to the paper. From duration to time, we even see a confession that these items arent really relevant, but they seemed so important that I someway had to get them in. Resist the urge to throw extraneous material into your paper. Writing a good paper is a matter of judgmentabout what to take out as well as what to put inand irrelevant material detracts from the overall quality of your paper.5. Lacking a thesis. on the whole college papers should have a thesisthat is, an overarching idea or pointclearly set out at the beginning, some which the paper centers. It neednt be something complex or obscure, just a statement of the main point the one-sentence answer you would give to the question, if you had to answer in just one sentence. Funny how its hard to write when you havent figured out in your own mind what your single main point testament be. (Again, judgment plays a key role here.)6. Not having a direction of argument. College papers need to have an order of presentation a carefully thought-out logic in which each point follows the previous one with some reason. This creates a sapidity in the reader that the paper is proceeding in an orderly fashion toward some goal. Its frustrating for a professor to read a paper in which he or she has no idea why some point is being made now, and not even a clue about what point might come next. No reader likes the feeling of stumbling around in the dark.7. Including sentences that do no wo rk. All the sentences in your paper should make some definite contribution to developing and proving your thesis. Sentences that do something, that have some muscle, play a real role in advancing your main argument. Sentences like The Civil fight was an important event in Ameri grass history or In this paper I will be discussing a number of issues relating to the Civil War should be eliminated without hesitation.8. Not writing in paragraphs (or writing in one-sentence paragraphs). Paragraphs are the building blocks of any paper and its critical to construct a paper victimization paragraphs of about four to five sentences each. Who wants a single, ginormous building block? And college papers arent like some publisher articles in which each paragraph is just one sentence. Youre expecting to develop a (small) thought, even within a paragraph, and no one can do that in one sentence.9. Making errors in spelling and grammar. College professors dont endlessly consciously take off for sp elling and grammatical errors, but its hard to give an A to a paper that shows great carelessness in preparation. Were in the age of automated spelling and grammar check. Surely you can recognize those red and green squiggles on your screen and fix them. (And while youre at it, proofread your paper the old-fashioned way with your eyes. No spell checker will catch those annoying wrong spoken language or homonyms.)

Songs of Silence - Nathan Essay Example for Free

Songs of still Nathan canvassUse the constituent Nathan to discuss the ways in which Forbes presents the theme of Silence.In the book Songs of Silence, the character Nathan is man of simple pleasures. His kind of quieten as pertaining to the book was one of never knowing what to sway or what his true intentions were. It was a silence of pure evil yet with purposeful good intentions. This is seen when he seeks revenge after his kite was broken by his brother earlier that day. Before going to bed, he performed his bedtime ritual of kneeling by his bedside and saying his prayers then proceeded to his older brother, Tony, and poked him in the eye and without a intelligence agency went to bed an fell asleep. That action was unexpected but well deserved.Nathan was very observant. He was also a determined young man. It is seen in the way he would handle negotiations with his siblings. It was almost like you would have to hold into his demands because it was his way or the highw ay, take it or leave it, that type of thing. So if it was a situation where you required something from him you would then have to meet the requirements of payment or not have whatever it is taken oversee of and that would be his final answer. You could say he was a stubborn person but he stood up for what he felt he believed in. This is also seen in his later years as an adult. As a security guard he abided by the rules and stood up for what was right. He didnt allow the thought of stuff things cloud the duties he had to fulfill, and in doing this he lost a leg but was quite subject matter in the down to earth life style he lived after settling a unstinting financial deal.For Nathan the need for a companion was never at all necessary. He needed altogether himself. He found self-fulfillment of being satisfied with what he had and had no need for anything more. Forbes drew a reference to this by stating, If bone could suffice, there was no need for flesh, (page 31 fourth paragr aph). That statement altogether shows us how content yet tight Nathan was. Tight in the sense that when he was owed something he would prepare sure of it that he got repaid. Also, when it came to money he only spent what it is he knew he needed. Other than that the money would forever stay in his pocket.There were many types of silence interpreted in the book Songs of Silence. Nathans silence in particular was one which brought about question. Why was he so quietly all the time? Was something troubling him that he had to take a great deal of time to visit it out? Or was it because he had no interest in earthly pleasures. In conclusion, Curdella Forbes uses Nathans silence to epitomize self-content being happy with the company of ones self.

Management Influences on Turnover Intention of Software Developers Essay Example for Free

Management Influences on upset Indecadetion of Softw ar Developers EssayIntroductionThe In normalation Technology (IT) Age has created umteen opportunities for occupation in the IT and IT services industry. IT originals are in demand totally over the world. Organizations world all-encompassing invest cash that go non only into salaries but for further teach of IT professionals they hire.However, around the world, the demand, supply, selection, recruitment and divisionicularly memory of IT professionals has affrightened organizations that recitation, manage or deal in IT or IT services for the past few age ( equating and Tremblay 2000 Ermel and Bohl 1997 Morello 1998 Guptill et al. 1999). This is why the departure of an IT professional from a company usually comes with disastrous effects to the organization. When an IT professional resigns, the organization suffers loss of profession sector act upon cognition and acquired technical skills (Dor 2004).Since late 19 96, the disturbance for IT professionals has jumped from 15% to 20% yearlyly, with only 8 of 10 IT positions being filled with qualified merchantmandidates (McNee et al. 1998). With the one-year employee over submit graze estimated at 20% or more (Alexander 1999 Kosseff 1999), air-hopping of IT professionals has been one of the biggest problems among managers and human resources (HR) experts (Par and Tremblay 2000).IT professionals seem to have a inclination of an orbit to variegate their telephone lines faster than other(a) employees when they feel dissatisfied with their authentic employer (Hacker 2003). The estimated cost of replacing IT professionals range from 1.5 to 2.5 measure of their annual salaries for the companies they resigned from (Kosseff 1999). On the other hand, the cost of losing a qualified IT professional is actually 3 to 6 times more expensive than the cost of losing a manager (Kochanski and Ledford 2001).IT professionals, as to a fault mentioned pr eviously in this topic, excessively tend to change transactions more quickly than other employees when they feel dissatisfied with in their current persist organize (Hacker 2003). However, rational ideals of voluntary dollar volume placenot be economic consumptiond to explain the lavishly dollar volume rate rates for IT professionals (Ro single-valued function 2001) since many IT professionals remain dissatisfied with their tunes even though they enjoy full(prenominal) financial rewards yet their creativity and expertness do not receive exalted respect from their peers, supervisors and companies as a whole (Fisher 2000).Furthermore, another account statement why IT professionals may resign more quickly when dissatisfied with their current employment is that much of IT work is project oriented, the technical employees loyalty may be more to the project, and not necessarily to the employer (Hacker, 2003, p. 15). These trends place intense pressure on both IT executives and HR managers. naughty IT professional perturbation translates to a threat not only to an organizations IT department but to the condescension as a whole. or so importantly, high IT turnover poses a threat to the produce, competitive positioning and strength of the global economy (Par and Tremblay 2000). A dissertation by Dr. Timothy lee(prenominal) Dor (2004) studied the relationships between contemplate characteristics, contrast enjoyment and turnover aspiration among software developers. These dickens factors bank line characteristics and hypothesize gaiety are deemed to play crucial roles in extrapolateing turnover tendency not only among software developers but IT professionals as a whole.The current learning aims to investigate the management beguiles on employee retention of IT professionals, focusing on melody characteristics and job propitiation, and their relate on turnover and retention. 1.1.1 Scope and Limitations of the StudyThis research ana lyseament study the impact of job characteristics and job satisfaction on the turnover intention of IT professionals. Although this paper intends to replicate some of Dors findings, the study forget not be limited to software developers only as this sector only constitutes a microscopic experiment of IT professionals as a whole.Specifically, the research study impart focus on the turnover intention of IT professionals in___________. In studying the relationships between job characteristics, job satisfaction and turnover intention, this study is limited to the enjoyment of the following theoretical models and theories to support its conclusionsFor the give-and-take on job characteristics, the research study testament bewilder use of the reflect Characteristics simulation real by JR Hackman and GR Oldham (1975/1980) and the psychoanalysis on Model Employers by Minda Zetlin (2001).For the discussion on job satisfaction, as tumefy as motive, the paper go outing use the M otivator-Hygiene Theory by F. Herzberg (1968/2003) and the Synergistic Model by T.M. Amabile (1997).For the discussion on turnover, the study pull up stakes use the impulsive turnover Model by R.M. Steers and R.T. Mowday (1987) the Rational Turnover Model by P.D. Rouse (2001) the Instinctual or Unfolding Model of Turnover by T.W. Lee, T.R. Mitchell, L. Wise and S. Fireman (1996) and the Conceptual Model for Investigating Turnover in IT, developed by J.B. Thatcher, L.P. stairna and R.J. Boyle (2002-03)These models will be discussed in detail later in this chapter, as well as in Chapter 2 on Review of Related Literature.Chapter 2Review of Related LiteratureThis chapter will analyze the assorted literary productions which are related to this research paper. It will discuss the works of other analysts and researchers on theories/models that will be apply to support this study, as well as pertinent literature on IT professionals turnover intentions. The chapter begins with a genera l discussion on motivational theories, cutlure, and leadership which are all critical factors that mend an employees intent to leave. The discussion them dovetails into a more specific presentation of the modeling used in the current study. This chapter will too admit a definition of terms structured into the discussion of related literature.2.1 Relationships between Job Characteristics, Job rapture, and Turnover IntentionIn 2004, Timothy Lee Dor submitted a dissertation titled The Relationships Between Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention Among Software Developers. harmonise to Dor, the factors leading to the turnover intention of software developers have been poorly understood. His study was designed to further understand the relationships between job characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among software developers. His study twisty the use of 326 meshwork surveys that contained questions relating to job characteristics, job sat isfaction, turnover intention and demographic information.The results of Dors study showed that several factors can act turnover intention, most significantly, job characteristics that may be influenced by management, such(prenominal) as training, autonomy, feedback, public figure of developers, travail conditional relation, and skill variety (Dor 2004). In his study, Dor made use of two research questions and sixteen hypotheses to understand the job characteristics variables which contribute to the various dimensions of job satisfaction, and which of these job satisfaction dimensions, in turn, contribute to turnover intention.Dor made use of indirect effect tests, to determine if certain job characteristics could be linked to turnover intention by means of the job satisfaction scales he provided. The results of his study indicated that ten of the indirect effects were statistically significant. All ten of the statistically significant indirect effects were associated with only collar of the seven job satisfaction scales inside work motivation, general job satisfaction, and satisfaction with pay.The largest indirect effect, according to Dor, was the effect of autonomy on turnover intention through general job satisfaction higher directs of autonomy lead to lower levels of turnover intention by increasing general job satisfaction. The next largest indirect effect was the effect of organisational training on turnover intention through general job satisfaction organizational training decreased turnover intention through an increase in general job satisfaction. The next three highest indirect effects in Dors findings were also between a job characteristic (feedback, skill, variety, and number of developers) and turnover intention through general job satisfaction (Dor, 2004, p. 130).2.2 Measuring Turnover Intentions Among IT ProfessionalsGuy Par and Michel Tremblay, in contrast to Dors study, completed a research covering the turnover intention of not just software developers but IT professionals as a whole. Their study, The Measurement and Antecedents of Turnover Intentions among IT Professionals (2000), submitted to Cirano research center, aimed to present and test an integrated model of turnover intentions that address the unique nature of the IT profession (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 3). The authors set a flat set of HR practices that will most credibly increase retention among IT employees. They emphasized citizenship doingss as well as two unequivocal types of organizational allegiance as key antecedents of turnover intentions.The study involved the sending of questionnaires to 394 Quebec members of the Canadian data Processing Society. The study addressed four research questions1) What are the necessary HR practices necessary to create an effective plan for retaining IT professionals?2) What is the impact of compensation and negotiation conditions on the turnover intentions of IT personnel?3) What is the effect of emplo yee demographic characteristics on the turnover intentions of IT personnel?4) Do organizational trueness and citizenship behaviors intercede the effects of HR practices, compensation and negotiation conditions as well as demographic characteristics on the turnover intentions of IT personnel? (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 4)Par and Tremblay provide that IT employees who are highly committed to their organization are less likely to leave than those who are relatively uncommitted. They attach three distinct dimensions to organizational commitment affective, continuance and normative commitment (Meyer and Allen 1997).1) Affective commitment means an employees own(prenominal) fixing and identification to the organization. This results in a strong belief in an acceptance of the organizations goals and values. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with the organization because they want to do so (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 5)2) Continuance commitment is a t endency to engage in consistent lines of activity ground on the individuals recognition of the cost associated with discontinuing the activity. Employees whose primary link to the organization is based on continuance commitment remain because they need to do so. (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 5)3) nary(prenominal)mative commitment provides that employees exhibit behaviors solely because they believe it is the right and moral thing to do. Employees with a high level of normative commitment feel that they ought to remain with the organization. (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 5)In their findings, Par and Tremblay provide that affective commitment and continuance commitment are negatively related to turnover intentions (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 6). In addition to these two distinct types of commitment affecting turnover intention, their studies also points to the factor they call organizational Citizenship carriage or OCB.OCB is considered as a key element in organizational effectivenes s. OCB is delineate as an employees willingness to go supra and beyond the prescribed roles which they have been assigned (Par and Tremblay, 2000, p. 6, quoting from Organ 1990). Based on Par and Tremblays findings, the stronger the citizenship behavior of an IT employee, the more likely they are to stay in their company. The IT professionals affective commitment, or attachment to his or her organization, also decreases turnover intention.2.3 Job Characteristics ModelHackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model, as earlier introduced in Chapter 1 of this research study, predicts what aspects of jobs reflect the level of job enrichment for employees, and how these relate to employees individual differences and to the work outcomes required. The model includes five core job characteristics that can be applied to any job skill variety, undertaking identity, labor movement moment, task autonomy and feedback.Skill variety is defined as the number of different skills required in th e job (Hackman and Oldham 1980 Pilon 1998).Task identity means the completeness of the tasks done in the job (Hackman and Oldham 1980 Pilon 1998).Task significance on the other hand is defined as the importance of the job to the served population. (Mohamed 2004).Autonomy means the vertical blowup of responsibility, the amount of decision-making and independence allowed for employees. (Mohamed 2004).And lastly, feedback means the extent that the job itself provides information about employees performance (Huber 2000).These characteristics skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback are combined into a single predictive index which is called the Motivating authorisation label (Hackman and Oldham 1980).Figure 1.Job Characteristics ModelSource A.H. Mohamed (2004) The five core job characteristics enumerated in the previous paragraph are in continuous interaction with individual differences that evoke three critical psychological states in an employee. Th ese three states are 1) when the job is structured by skill variety, task identity and task significance this could lead employees to experience meaningfulness in their work. 2) The second state, task autonomy, which leads to feelings of responsibility for the outcomes of work. 3) The third and last state is feedback, which leads employees towards knowledge of the results of their work (Douthit 2000 Huber 2000). These three critical psychological states lead to a set of affective and in the flesh(predicate) outcomes high internal work motivation, high growth satisfaction, high general satisfaction, high work effectiveness, and low rate of absenteeism (Mohamed 2004 Donovan and Radosevich 1998). These affective and personal outcomes are the results of en employees job characteristics. They are defined as followsHigh internal work motivation this is the layer to which an employee is willing to work and to consider the organizational objectives as part of his or her own goals (Mohame d 2004).High growth satisfaction this is the achievement of the employee in overcoming challenges, succeeding and growing (Steers and vitriolic 1994)High general satisfaction this the feeling derived from the overall satisfaction with the work itself. This type of satisfaction is reflected mainly in decreased rates of absenteeism among employees (Steers and Black 1994 Omachonu et al 1999).High work effectiveness this refers to both the tonus and quantity aspects of work performance (Hackman and Oldham 1980).Low rate of absenteeism.The Job Characteristics Model, also includes three attributes that are identified as Moderators knowledge and skills, context job satisfaction, and employee growth-need strength. These attributes indicate which employee will respond positively to the Motivating Potential Score of their job and its outcomes (Hackman and Oldham 1980).An employees knowledge and skills are dependent on their educational qualifications which in turn will reflect their per ceptions toward their work outcomes (Sabiston and Laschinger 1995). On the other hand, an employees perception of his or her context job satisfaction involves factors like pay, supervision, colleagues, and job security. All these affect the employees outcomes as well (Mohamed 2004). Lastly, growth-need strength is the degree in which an employee seeks opportunities in his or her job for self-direction, get wording and personal accomplishment. These elements in turn affect the employees level of work internal motivation (Mohamed 2004).An example of a study which made effective use of Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model is the one conducted by A.H. Mohamed (2004) called Using the job characteristics model to compare patient of care assignment methods of nurses for the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria in Egypt. The population used were the nurses in the Alexandria Main University Hospital. Mohamed made use of a Job Diagnostic Survey (also developed by Hackman an d Oldham) to determine nurses perceptions towards the components of the Job Characteristics Model in relation to their performance in utilizing the case and functional methods of patient care assignment (Mohamed 2004).In his study, Mohamed concludes that the jobs of intensifier care unit nurses result in different expectations based also on the different categories of nurses, based on skills and challenges inherent in the work they perform (Mohamed 2004).Generally speaking thus, studies like Mohamed shows that an employees personal and affective outcomes are a result of the employees job characteristics.2.4 Model EmployersHowever, management also plays a crucial role in the retention and conversely turnover of IT professionals. Since IT professionals still enjoy a wide selection of employers to choose from, employers constantly compete to attract the best IT professionals by becoming model employers. In her 2001 article for Computer World, called Model employers, Minda Zetlin outli nes the strategies that make certain companies model employers.By compiling its eight annual refer of 100 Best Places to Work in IT, Computer World roughly sums up the model employers as offering not just top compensation, but also opportunities for travel growth, investment in training, diversity in the work place, work flexibility, and, ideally, a comfortable and fun place to spend their twenty-four hours hours (Zetlin 2001). Zetlin in her article outlines three common themes behind the achiever of these model IT employersIT is central to the best employers successAccording to Zetlin, excellence in IT is a top corporate strategy. Prioritizing IT should not be limited to companies that purely provide IT or IT services. Companies such as Avon, for instance, which ranks 4th in Computer Worlds list of 100 best employers, may be perceived to operate on a relationship-based environment. Yet to process its more than 60 million custom revisals every year, the company relies heavily on IT to process its tortuous supply chain. The fact that is it is actually a very transactional business, dependent on technology, makes IT one of its priorities (Zetlin 2001).Management takes an progressive interest in employers careers from the day they arriveThis includes having growing plan for employees as soon as they voice the organization. Employees meet with their managers on a periodic basis for a formal review to assess their development plan and to evaluate its progress. Orientation programs at the start of the employment are also part of this strategy. apart from orientation, Harley-Davidson, Inc. (ranked as No. 11) also provides for a yearly self-assessment for its employees against the established competencies for their jobs, with their supervisors doing the homogeneous (Zetlin 2001). Such focus on career development per employee makes the employee feel that management takes an active interest in aligning its objectives with the employees personal goals.Model e mployers also provide for continuous interest on their employees careers throughout their employment with the company. Knowledge mentoring programs and career mentoring programs, used by the State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. (ranked No. 13), for instance, allow employees to learn more skills and career guidance from their more experience colleagues, and help management to identify employees to fill leaderships positions in the short and long term (Zetlin 2001). State Farms mentoring program is in fact so successful that it has extended the program to employees who havent even arrived yet such as appoint mentors to college students who plan to join State Farm after they graduate.There are no walls between business and ITUnlike other organizations, model employers ensure that IT people and business people work side by side. There is no division or competition. IT professionals are given a better understanding that what they do helps the business succeed. This understanding leads to career satisfaction for IT professionals. Technology people know exactly how they contribute to the revenues of their business and how important they are in the business plan. One advantage here is that a close relationship between IT and business allows people to switch between the two fields (Zetlin 2001). Another strategies such as cross-functional work teams gives career development not just to IT professionals but to business people in the organization as well. There are continuously different career tracks available. An IT professional may opt to toss by taking on management roles within technology, or they may shift to business management positions (Zetlin 2001).2.5 voluntary Intention Model R.M. Steers and R.T. Mowday, in their study Employee turnover and post-decision accommodation processes (1981) analyzed turnover as rooted in voluntary intention. Steers and Mowday viewed the interaction of intention to leave, and alternative job opportunities (ease of movement ) as direct antecedents to turnover (Steers and Mowday 1981 Rouse 2001). As earlier discussed in Chapter 1 of this study, the direction of the process in Steers and Mowdays Voluntary Intention Model starts with Job Expectations, then Affective Responses, then Turnover Intention, then finally, Actual Turnover (see Section 1.2.1.1 of this paper). However, these four elements were actually grouped together by Steers and Mowday under three steps. As can be seen in the Figure 3Each step in Figure 3 contains two requires. The second construct (Job Attitudes) of Step 1 becomes the first construct of Step 2. The second construct (Intent To Leave) of Step 2 becomes the first construct of Step 3.Step 1 of the Voluntary Intention Model involves the appearance in which job expectations influence an employees attitudes regarding his or her job. Attitudes are composed of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job involvement. Job expectations in turn are influenced by three stimuli.Th e first stimuli focuses on individual characteristics such as occupation, age, tenure, family concerns, and personality form (Steers and Mowday 1981 Rouse 2001).The second stimuli involves information obtained during the recruitment process and at various assessments points throughout the employees career (Steers and Mowday 1981 Rouse 2001).For instance, studies have shown that job expectation levels are often high when the employee first accepts a new job (Porter and Steers 1973). At these particular periods, expectations are developed from both the employee and employers ends.In other words, a sort of unwritten social contract is deemed to be adopted by the two parties (Prouse 2001). Lastly, the third stimuli affecting job expectations are alternative job opportunities. Studies have shown that the more alternatives in that respect are confronting an employee, then the more negative the employees attitudes becomes concerning his or her current job (Pfeffer and Lawler 1979).Step 2 in the Voluntary Intention Model involves the Affective Responses that are elicited from Step 1. These responses include the construct of job satisfaction, and how those responses influence the employees desire to leave the organization. Factors that affect the employees decision to leave include non-work factors such as family, hobbies, religion and political influences (Cohen 1995).Steers and Mowday also identified the potential of employees to alter their actual job, in terms of pay, working hours, environment, etc., and thus change their attitudes regarding their jobs (Prouse 2001).Chapter 3MethodologyThe aim of the research is to examine the relationships between job characteristic, job satisfaction and turnover intention among IT professionals in ______________. The proposition is that job satisfaction and job characteristics as management influences have indirect impact to the levels of turnover intention among IT professionals. The literature review indicates that there are different factors affecting IT professionals turnover intention. This research is going to study the turnover intention of IT professionals in _____________.3.1 inquiry uncertaintysThe study will answer the following two research questionsWhich job characteristic variable(s) causes the job satisfaction among IT professionals in ____________?What job satisfaction variable(s) cause the turnover intention among IT professionals in ____________? In answering these two primary questions, the thesis will make use of the following frameworkHypothesesResearch Question 1 Which job characteristic variable(s) causes the job satisfaction among IT professionals in _______________? The first research question will analyze the timewornized effect of job characteristics to job satisfiers. The null hypotheses tested wereJob Characteristics Job SatisfactionsH1 The level of IT training does not affect the various measures of job satisfaction.H2 The level of user contact does not affect the variou s measures of job satisfaction. H3 The job-required skills do not affect the various measures of job satisfaction. H4 The level of task significance does not affect job satisfaction. H5 The amount of workload does not affect job satisfaction. H6 The amount of feedback does not affect job satisfaction.Research Question 2 What job satisfaction variable(s) cause the turnover intention among IT professionals in ________________? The first research question will analyze the standardized effect of the job satisfaction scales to turnover intention. The null hypotheses tested were Job Satisfactions Turnover Intention H7 The level of internal work motivation does not affect turnover intention. H8 The level of job security satisfaction does not affect turnover intention. H9 The level of social job satisfaction does not affect turnover intention. H10 The level of job growth satisfaction does not affect turnover intention. H11 The level of satisfaction with pay does not affect turnover intenti on. H12 The level of satisfaction with supervision does not affect turnover intention.Research Procedures 3.3.1 Data Collection Research is a process of studying and analyzing situational factors of a specific problem or issue in order to determine solutions of it (Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran 2001). According to Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran (2001), there are three research paradigms electropositive, interpretivist and critical research. As the research hypotheses of this study try to explore the relationships between job characteristic, job satisfaction and turnover intention among the IT professionals in __________________, the positivist approach will be adopted and it will provide the framework upon which the methodology of this study can be used. In this study, the research problem requires primary data to specifically address the twelve hypotheses. An meshing questionnaire will be used as it is the most effective and appropriate data collection method. Questionnaire is defin ed as a pre-formulated written set of questions to which respondents recorded their answers within closely defined alternatives (Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran, 2001). A well-designed questionnaire provides entire and useable data for analysis in order to make a conclusion of accepting / rejecting a research hypothesis. A copy of the questionnaire to be used is attached as Appendix A of this study. after(prenominal) gathering the data from questionnaires, the analysis of the data (including frequency distribution, correlation analysis and regression analysis) will be performed by a quantitative data analysis tool called SPSS (Statistical bundle for the Social Sciences). SPSS predictive analytics advances in usability and data access, drawing reliable conclusions from the collected quantitative data (SPSS, Inc. 2002). In depth quantitative analysis of the data will be undertaken. Frequency Distribution, Correlation Analysis, and Regression Analysis will be used to analyze the collec ted data. The population of this research is the _________ professionals in the country. The research is expected to have a 10% response rate (i.e. ____ questionnaires). A reminder electronic mail will be sent to the students to ensure stretchiness the planned response rate. Participants are not inconvenienced or exposed unnecessarily to potential harm by recruiting more than is required. The research conducted by Dor in 2004 (which this paper intends to compare itself to) only received 326 responses which is less than 0.1% of the population. An invitation email will be sent to the administration managers of the participating institutions. Then the manager will forward the invitation email to all qualified IT professionals and invite them to fill in the Internet unnamed questionnaire within 10 business days. A reminder email will be sent by the manager on the sixth business day. The invitation email only contains a consent form and a URL to the Internet anonymous questionnaire. Participation is entirely voluntary. The participant can withdraw at any time and there will be no disadvantage if the participant decides not to complete the survey. At no time will any individual be identified in any reports resulting from this study. A copy of the consent form is attached with this application.Variables The variables which will used in this study can be categorized into two categories job characteristics and job satisfaction. The factors within each category are discussed as follows The following job characteristics for IT professionals were selected for this study, based also on previous usage in similar studies as indicated in the literature reviewIT readinessUser ContactJob-required SkillsTask SignificanceWorkloadFeedback On the other hand, the job satisfaction scales include the followingInternal Work MotivationJob Security SatisfactionSocial Job SatisfactionJob Growth SatisfactionSatisfaction with PaySatisfaction with SupervisionData Analysis The study will make use of descriptive and inferential analysis were used throughout the study. Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, standard deviations, frequencies, and item means) were computed using the SPSS (SPSS, Inc., 2002). This general-purpose analysis program will be used to characterize the sample in terms of demographic characteristics pertaining to gender, income, education, age, years as an IT professional, years in the current organization, and years in the current position. SPSS will likewise used to analyze the correlation among job characteristics, the correlation between job satisfaction scales, the correlation between job satisfaction and job characteristics, and the correlation between job characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. The primary inferential technique that will be used is bivariate correlation. SPSS will also be used to analyze the regression analysis for the data. A 0.01 level of significance was adopted for exam significance. The standa rdized effects of all the job characteristics for each job satisfier will also be computed. The same method will be used to analyze the standardized effect of all the job satisfaction scales to turnover intention. From these standardized effect analyses, the prediction of turnover intention by job satisfaction scales will be computed. The job satisfaction scales which had a 0.60 level were considered significant to turnover intention. The reliability coefficients ranging between 0.60 and 0.70 are deemed adequate for research purposes (Aiken, 2000, p.88). For purposes of this study, the job satisfiers and job characteristics which have indirect effects of 0.60 above significance to turnover intention will be used. The standardized effect of the significant job characteristic will be multiplied to the standardized effect of the particular job satisfier. Each of the twelve hypotheses of this study will be tested in essentially six multiple regression analyses one for each job satisfie r as the constant, independent variable and its relation to each dependent variable represented by the job characteristics. differently stated, each job satisfier will represent a criterion variable and the six job characteristics will be considered predictors in each of the six regression analyses.ReferencesAlexander, S. M. (1999, November 1). The tricks for retaining talent. Crains Cleveland Business, T2-T3.Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40, 39-58.Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., and U. Sekaran. (2001). Applied Business Research Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, pot Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd., Milton.Cohen, A. (1995). An examination of the relationships between work commitment and nonwork domains. Human Relations, 48, 239-263.Donovan, J.J., and D.J. Radosevich, (1998). The moderating role of goal commitment on the goal difficultyperformance relationship a meta-analytic review and critical re-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 1998, 8330815.Dor, Timothy Lee. (2004). The Relationships Between Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention Among Software Developers. Graduate School of Argosy University-Orange County.Douthit, M.W., (2000). Job satisfaction returns to human and social capital. Journal of behavioral and applied management, 2000, 1(1)67.Fisher, A. (2000, December 18). Inspiring the burned-out computer programmer. Fortune, 334.Guptill, B. Stewart, B. Maroccio, L., Potter, K. and C. Claps (1999). 1998 IT Spending and staffing Survey Results. Gartner Group Strategic Analysis Report, April 1st.Hacker, C.A. (2003, Spring). Turnover A silent profit killer. Information Systems Management, 14-18.Hackman JR, and GR Oldham, (1980). Work design. Reading, Massachusetts, AddisonWesley, 198011421.Herzberg, F. (1968). Work and the nature of man. Cleveland World.Herzberg, F. (2003, January). One more time How do you motivate empl oyees? Harvard Business Review, 87-96.Kochanski, J., and G. Ledford. (2001). How to slip away meRetaining technical professionals. Research Technology Management, 44(3), 31-38.Kosseff, J. (1999, September 6). Info-tech firms increase efforts to keep workers. Crains Detroit Business, p. 21.McNee, B. Morello T. Zidar, E. and C. Smith (1998). IT Staff Retention and Recruitment Addressing a Critical Problem for the IS Organization. Gartner Group Strategic Analysis Report, September 28.Meyer, J.P., and N.J. Allen, (1997). load in the Workplace, Sage Publications.Mohamed, A.H. (2004, May) Using the job characteristics model to compare patient care assignment methods of nurses, Vol. 10, No. 3, May 2004, p. 389-405. Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.Morello, D.T. (1998). IT retention and recruitment What has a year brought? Gartner Group periodical Research Review, September 01.Omachonu V.K., Swift, J.A., Ross, J.E., eds . Principles of total quality, 3rd ed. Florida, St. Lucie Press, 1999335.Organ D.W., (1990). The motivational Basis of Organizational Citizenship Behavior In B.M.Par, G. and Tremblay, M. (2000). The Measurement and Antecedents of Turnover Intentions among IT Professionals. Scientific Series. Ciprano. September 2000.Pfeffer, J., Lawler, J. (1979). The effects of jb alternatives, extrinsic rewards, and commitment on satisfaction with the organization A field example of the insufficient justification paradigm . Berkeley University of California.Pilon BA. Outcomes and surprises of work redesigning how other leaders are coping with changes. Nursing Management, 1998, 29(8)445.Porter, L. W., and R.M. Steers. (1973). Organizational, work and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 151-176.Rouse, P. D. (2001). Voluntary turnover related to information technology professionals A review of rational and instinctual models. International Journal of Or ganizational Analysis, 9, 281-290.Sabiston J.A., and H.K. Laschinger (1995). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived autonomy. Journal of nursing administration, 1995, 25(9)4250.SPSS, Inc. (2002). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 11.5) Computer software. Chicago, IL SPSS, Inc.Steers, R. M., and R.T. Mowday. (1981). Employee turnover and post-decision accommodation processes. In L. Cummings B. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 235-281).Steers, R.M., and J.C. Black. Organizational behavior, 5th ed. New York, Harper Collins, 199495101.Thatcher, J.B., Stepna, L.P. and R.J. Boyle (2002-03). Turnover of information technology workers Examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19, 231-261.Zetlin, M. (2001, June 4). Model employers. Computerworld, 40-45.

Hispanic Family Values Essay Example for Free

Latino Family Values testMacDonalds article reveals the grim reality of teenage pregnancy and unmarried mothers in the Hispanic lodge in the United States, backed up by statistical data on various tidy sum surrounding unwed teenaged mothers. Birth rates among young, unwed Hispanic mothers are so direful that according to the Census Bureau, one in four Americans will be Hispanics by mid-century, twice the rate of flow ratio also, Hispanics will account for 46 percentage of the nations added macrocosm for over the undermentioned two decades (Mac Donald). Statistics show that the Hispanic women cave in the highest occurence of births outside marriage at 45 percent, equated to the 24 percent of white births and 15 percent of Asian births (Mac Donald). Only the black population exceed this figure at 68 percent. This can possibly imply a higher demand for a larger eudaimonia state, if incidents of unplanned pregnancy among young Hispanic women surge. MacDonald spoke to seve ral kind workers and other people who cater precaution and services to these young women in South California, where most illegal immigrants flock, to illustrate the situation of Hispanic young women.harmonize to these workers, illegitamacy has become the norm among the Hispanic community and it is non unusual for young, unwed Hispanic women seek welfare and social services (Mac Donald). According to Dr. Ana Sanchez, it is noneworthy to look into the set system of the Hispanics and compare it with the values system of other cultures. For instance, Dr. Sanchez thinks that in a Hispanic household, having babies outside marriage is normal whereas in an Asian household, parents strongly imbibe in their children that teenage pregnancy is a taboo (Mac Donald).Another cipher that contributes to the increase in unwed teenage pregnancy is the most powerful Hispanic value a tight-knit extended family (Mac Donald). While marriage is no longer a cherished value in the Hispanic community, a tight-knit family is still very much treasured and children are always a welcome addition to the family. It is an honor for a young girl to be have a youngster at a young age. If the go of the child is unavailable, which is normally the case, the relatives are more than willing to supporter raise the child.The fathers of the children of unwed young Hispanic mothers are another factor that contribute to the problem of boost dependence of young Hispanic mothers on social welfare and services. It is not uncommon for fathers to run run into after getting a girl pregnant, regardless of the age. They cohabitate with the mother of their child initially but this does not commonly blend long (Mac Donald). Girls who are impregnated by older men is another issue that raises the eyebrows of social workers. The fathers of these children can be as young as 13 or as old as the boyfriend of the girls mother.Situations where girls are sexually assaulted by their mothers boyfriends are not uncommon in the Hispanic community (Mac Donald). The present boyfriend of their mother is usually not their father because even their mothers had them when they were their daughters age. If it is not their mothers boyfriend, it is their uncle. The belief is that older men elect virgins because they think that they cannot be impregnated on their first sexual intercourse and they are less likely to have sexually transmitted diseases.Another revelation in this situation is that the cycle of early, unwed pregnancy among young mothers is a prevalent issue because it is just aboutthing that is imbibed to them by their elders. Young girls turn out to be like that because their mothers, grandmothers, and aunts went through the same thing at the same age. It gives them the impression that having a child before marriage is short normal. Consequently, relying on social services and welfare has also become a normal part of their lifestyle.The last few paragraphs of MacDonalds article provid e the various solutions that are being implemented to address this issue. For instance, some schools in California have a day care center for the babies of their students. MacDonald also mentions the Latina Adolescent self-annihilation Prevention Act aims to channel $10 million to culturally competent social agencies to improve the self-conceit of Latina girls and to provide support services to their families and friends if they contemplate suicide (Mac Donald).There are also support sort out for parents of children who show signs of delinquency such as gang involvement and antisocial behavior members are usually single mothers. The life of a young, unwed and single mother is not easy. On top of that, the Hispanic community still remains to be a minority in the United States, even if their population is expected to double in the coming years. Support groups such as the ones mentioned above will aid the single mother in coping with the harsh reality in a foreign country.However, t he apothegm An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure still works in this case. aside from helping teenage moms, efforts should be allocated in creating an environment for young Hispanic women that will reduce the likelihood of pregnancy outside marriage. According to the study of National Council of La Razas Institute for Hispanic health, Hispanic communities misconstrue pregnancy prevention campaigns as anti-family campaigns (Elkins).NCLR suggests that computer programs should address family planning rather than the notion of pregnancy itself. According to the Latino Initiative, a very effective way of curbing unwed pregnancies among young women is to foster family values and strengthen parent-child ties because children who are close to their parents are more likely to enact safer sexual practices (Elkins). This intervention program not only works in Hispanic communities it works almost everywhere as well.

Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories of Learning Essay Example for Free

Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories of Learning EssayIn the analyze of teaching, skill theories are categorized into paradigms or schools of thought based on viewpoints shared by scientists that return a frame wager for research. Three of the major paradigms of learning theories include the cognitive paradigm, the neurophysiological paradigm and the evolutionary paradigm. The first paradigm is referred to as cognitive because idealogues place their emphasis on the cognitive nature of learning. fit to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), the second paradigm is called neurophysiological because it attempts to isolate the mental and physiological correlates of things such(prenominal) as learning, perception, thinking and intelligence. The tierce paradigm is termed evolutionary because theorists attempt to explain learning marches based on an organisms evolutionary history.DiscussionThere are any(prenominal)(prenominal) theorists whose ideas are predominately cognitive. Theses theorists include the Gestalt psychologists Kurt Lewin and Kurt Koffka, as well as denim Piaget, Edward Chace Tolman, and Albert Bandura. Wertheimer, Kohler and Lewin were founders of the Gestalt movement. tally to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), Gestalt theorists believed that we jazz the world in meaningful wholes and do not see isolated stimuli but stimuli gathered together into meaningful configurations (p. 264). Kurt Lewin proposed a field theory of human motivation. He believed that behavior and cognitive cognitive processes are situated by various(a) psychological facts that a psyche is consciously experiencing. The psychological facts are interdependent and any change in angiotensin-converting enzyme whoremaster affect all the others, therefore influencing our behavior.Kurt Koffka, another Gestaltist falling under the cognitive paradigm defined the law of Pragnanz in Gestalt Theory. The law of Pragnanz states that, all mental events tend toward completeness, simp licity, and meaningfulness (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005, p. 473). Followers of Gestalt theory employ this law as a guiding principle when studying learning.Another cognitive theorist was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget contributed several theories including intelligence, schemeta, assimilation and accommodation, and interiorization. According to his theory of intelligence, intelligenceis any act that creates optimal conditions for the organisms excerpt under the existing circumstances (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005 p. 295). Intelligence hearts how one adapts to the ever-changing surround. In Piagets schemata theory a persons schema is a cognitive structure that allows a person to act and respond to the surroundings.A schema fundament be either overt or covert behavior. The theory of assimilation explains how a person can respond to the environment using existing cognitive structures. The theory of accommodation explains how an organism adapts to the environment by modifying cognitive str uctures. Piagets concept of interiorization is described by Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) as the gradual decreased dependence on the physical environment and the increased utilization of cognitive structures (p. 299). Through this process, organisms can respond to more than tortuous situations by thinking virtually them.Edward Chace Tolmans ideas were also predominately cognitive. He believed that organisms develop a mental picture of the environment which he referred to as a cognitive map. The cognitive map develops when mental expectations are confirmed by experience. When an organism is faced with a problem, it utilizes the cognitive map and chooses the best solution requiring the least amount of work according to Tolmans principle of least effort that will result in satisfaction.Albert Bandura, another cognitive theorist suggested that behavior is learned through observation. He theorized that learning is influenced by four processes. The first process, the attentional process, involves the perceiver attending to the model. The second process is called the retentional process. This process involves the observer retaining the teaching gained from the observation by storing it cognitively. The third process is the behavioral production process which requires the learner to have the physical capabilities or behavioral abilities to perform what is learned.The concluding process, the motivational process provides incentives that motivate the learner to actually perform what has been learned. Bandura also theorized that peoples behavior is also determined by reciprocal determinism. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) summarize Banduras concept of reciprocal determinism by stating that, behavior, the environment, andpeople (and their beliefs) all interact (p. 349). fall under the neurophysiological paradigm is the theorist Donald Olding Hebb. Some of his theories included that of restricted environments, enriched environments, booth assemblies, phase sequences, and r eceptive deprivation. In Hebbs theory of restricted environments, Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), explain that if an environment lacks stimulation or experience, it can have a negative impact on the growth and development of nervous system. A restrictive environment can disrupt normal intellectual and perceptual development. In contrast, an enriched environment full of stimulation and experience can enhance development. Hebb also believed that each environmental object we experience stimulates a complex pattern of neurons called cell assemblies (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005, p. 379).The cell assemblies provide the basis of a thought. When cell assemblies become interconnected they form phase sequences. leg sequences allow us to have streams of thoughts. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), Hebb concluded in his theories that not only is sensory information necessary for proper neurophysiological development, but it is also necessary for the maintenance of normal functioning (p. 384 ). When an organisms experience sensory deprivation, severe cognitive disorientation, stress and fear can occur. Hebb believed that the environment had a direct effect on mental and physiological processes which influenced behavior and learning.The final paradigm is the evolutionary paradigm. Attempting to explain the learning process using evolutionary principles was the theorist Robert C. Bolles. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) state that Bolles believed that learning involved the development of expectancies (p. 425). Expectancies are when an organism learns that one event leads to another. Bolles believed that organisms had innate predispositions for behavior and that motivation restricts response flexibility.Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) explain that an organisms natural reaction in a situation may make it difficult to learn a new response. Using the niche argument, Bolles argued that an intellect of learning must be accompanied by an understanding of the evolutionary history of the organism (Hergenhahn and Olson, (2005), p. 427). According this argument, organisms have to learn certain behaviors that they arepredispositioned for and not learn others depending on their niche and how they fit in the big picture. This can determine whether the organism is successful or not in adapting to its environment.ConclusionAlthough learning theorist in the various paradigms have attempted to explain learning and its processes, many questions are withal unanswered. One of these questions is how does learning start as a function of maturation? If learning occurs differently in different stages it would be beneficial to conduct research on how maturation affects the learning process. The information yielded from such research could be very beneficial in regards to education. Another unanswered question is how does learning vary as a function of species? If some organisms have the biological ability to learn certain behaviors and some do not, how can research involving diffe rent species be beneficial?If psychologists want to learn more about the learning process in humans, they should study humans rather than reservation generalizations across species. Other questions that tolerate unanswered involve learning and personality characteristics, learning as a function of the total environment, learning and associations, as well as learning and instinctive behavior. It is imperative that more research be conducted in an attempt to answer these questions about learning to give people a greater comprehension of learning. The more knowledge we have about the learning process and what affects it, the better we will be at making learning successful.ReferencesHergenhahn, B.R., Olson, M. (2005). An Introduction to Theories of Learning. New Jersey Pearson Education Inc.