Issues in the 2008 Presidential Elections Essay Example for Free

Issues in the 2008 Presidential Elections EssayThe forthcoming US presidential election has elicited excitement from the public due to its fantastic characteristics. For the original time in the history of the United States there is a high probability that the next president to take the office will be either the most advanced in age or be from a minority grouping. The core of the election however is not on the glib characteristic of the two single(a)s but by on the far reaching policies that affect the Americans. The purpose of this paper is to look at the nature of the policies that each scene vows to uphold.It will also offer a persuasive opinion on who between the two candidates has the better policies. A look at the US contrary policy indicates that it revolves around a number of issues key to them creation terrorism and proliferation of nuclear weapons. For John Mc Cains, the Republican Presidential candidate, foreign policy adversely focuses on these two issues. McC ain links the ongoing Iraq state of war to the war on terror. To him, a win in the war will be a big step in the eradication of terrorists especially the Islamic extremists in the Middle East. His policy points out to the need to provide spare forces in Iraq and also in Afghanistan.Afghanistan requires a surge of NATO forces to get rid of the insurgents that are currently carrying out bomb attacks against civilians and the coalition forces present. McCains foreign policy is mostly centralized in the Middle East. He advocates for the closer ties between the US and Pakistanis which is a strategic partner in the war against terror. He notes that America must continue to buy the farm with President Perez Musharraf to dismantle the cells and the camps that the Taliban and Al Qaeda maintain in his country (Council of Foreign Relations, 2007)On nuclear weapons McCain first target is Iran which he accuses to be a chief supporter of terrorism and hence an arch enemy of the US. He propose s the imposition of sanctions to compel Iran to forego its nuclear mission. He also advocates for the solving of the spherical issues through partnerships with other nations in the world through what he refers to as the world wide League of Democracies. (Council of Foreign Relations, 2007) In Foreign policy, the Democratic fellowship presidential candidate, Barrack Obama advocates for defensive attacks as opposed to pre emptive attacks.In the same breath his policy voices its opposition to the war in Iraq. He terms it as having been pre emptive. Obamas proposal is that it is the high time that the United States began a well laid down policy that addresses pulling out the forces in Iraq. He sees no link between the war in Iraq and terrorism instead believing that Afghanistan should be the centre of attention. He argues that his core strategy will be get out of Iraq and on to the right battle field in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Such strategy will be backed by bilateral interaction s with other partners and not through unilateral actions (George, 2008).In contrast to McCain, Obama does not believe that sanctions in Iran should be the first steps but rather he advocates for the initiation of straight off diplomatic talks to address the underlying issues. (Nicholas, 2008) On health care, McCains core interest is on the cost and the expensive nature of health damages cover. He notes that it is becoming increasingly costly for both employers and individuals to buy health covers.Hence, the key concern would be making it tattyer. Universal care to him is not the firmness of purpose but the solution lies in addressing the factors that push the cost of healthcare. Americans, according to McCain, should be allowed to buy their insurance policy from any place in the nation where they deem it cheap rather than restricting them to their own states. In this hence, employers will not be compelled to provide insurance cover to their employees making his scheme to be mor e individual oriented (Catherine, 2008).Obamas plan for health care differs from McCain. Whereas McCain is advocating for lesser regimen role health care, Obama is for increased government participation. Obama refers to his plan as advocating for managed competition where the government sponsors health care provision and also gives room to the provision by private insurers but notes on the importance of their regulation to ensure they do not deny access to some members. Contrary to McCains plan, Obama does not propose individual access or intra-state buying of health insurance.Obama also states that it will not be mandatory upon adults to have an insurance cover but insists that children will have to be covered (Catherine, 2008). The issue of immigration has also been given jut in the election and it is posing tricky challenges with each candidate hoping to garner the support of over 8 million Latinos and at the same time being cautious not to vex the conservative block in their s pecific parties. McCain recognizes the urgency in the need to address the issue of immigration. His approach to the problem is to first seal the boarders to prevent illegal immigration then proceed from there.His policy lacks in clarity and concision especially in the knowledge that he introduced a bill in the house to address comprehensively the issue of immigration. McCain appreciates the fact that immigration is the force behind the wave of crimes that face the United States and believes that the solution lies in deporting criminals and only allowing guest workers from Latin America. He vows to introduce an electronic system that will verify the identification of workers and be able to detect aliens. This will be backed by the need to prosecute those employers that employ illegal immigration (McCain- Palin, 2008).Obama also recognizes the seriousness of the issue and how it continues to draw heated debates in the public forum. He is in support of the McCain-Edward bill that sough t to address the issue and advocates for comprehensive immigration reforms. He promises to address the issue during his first year in office. two McCains and Obamas immigration policies resemble each other although Obama emphasizes on the need also to fast track the process of legalization for those that are just to be registered in the United States, while at the same facilitating family immigrations (Farnam, 2008)..The verdict on the race to the white house indicates that it is a hotly contested election. two candidates are running neck to neck though some polls favor Obama as having an edge over McCain. A look at the issues presented in this paper and on others in the public court indicates that both candidates have set out concrete plans to drive the nation for the next four years. However, a simple analysis of the core issues that require immediate attention reveals Obamas policies to be better than McCains.Obama had vehemently voiced his opposition to the war long onward h is candidacy to 2008 presidential elections had become obvious. McCain on the other hand had voted for the Iraq war and has continued to support an upsurge of the military forces in Iraq. It is plausible to say that the war in Iraq has contributed a lot to the woes facing the United States today. The government has spent billions in a war that meant nothing to Americans in the face of the spiraling scotch recession. McCain is vowing to continue with the war, risking more of American soldiers lives and spending additional billions.Obama has advocated for a withdrawal vowing instead to concentrate efforts in Afghanistan which is believed to be the cradle of terrorism. This is a sound foreign policy strategy and majority of Americans are siding with him. Most Americans draw parallel between the wars in Iraq and woes facing the economy. With no additional expenditure on the war and with a better plan to revive the economy, Obama indicates he is in touch with the immediate problems faci ng the United States. This is further clear in his health plan.While it is clear that both candidates are seeking for the extended health coverage for Americans, Obamas idea of regulating health insurance companies and emphasis on the increased role of the government emphasizes the importance of the government to directly safeguard the health interests of its citizens. It is indeed clear that with the proposal for a multilateral approach to global problems, the sound health policy and the recognition of immigrants labor importance, Obama is the natural choice of the forthcoming presidential elections.

History revision Essay Example for Free

History revision EssayHistory- What historians chose to interpret from the surviving evidence of the ago Source + Historians = Histories All historians have their own views and interests due to their upbringing thence that the process of selection and interpretation distorts our knowledge further. Issues in historiography Training of historians Objectivity in business relationship Oral societies and tale Problems of historical research Universal history Evidence- selection Source- How? Truth- Consensuses Context/ Perspectives Selection- Who decides? Interpretation RevisionIdeology- Reputation, perspective, emerging ideas, lack of evidence Language and technique- To place emphasis and how historians chose to say methodology- How the way you put the sources? (cross-examine, verification) Facts in history History from above or below Motive Judgement- Whose? Audience Linguistics History and Ideology- Political beliefs influence Explicit vs. Implicit Something clearly or implie d path of literature- poems, speech What are historical facts? Carl Becker 1. History is subjective- personal desires and prejudices (history changes along with societys values) 2.History is interpreted differently between people (interpreting what in the past is though) 3. History cannot be re-enacted as a series of events 4. History is written on how much the Historian can extract from the evidence and his knowledge- background, audience, purpose, motive. 5. History is pre-occupied with ratty and hard facts and not small detail (the obvious history) Case Study Herodotus The historian Born at Halicarnassus (485 BC 425 BC) Exiled due to conspiring against Persians Merchant and traveller Hellenic Historian Cannot be free form bias (critical judgement)Educated (upper class) Harnessed ill feelings towards Persian Motive and Purpose for Writing These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance o f what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the foreigners from losing their due need of glory and to put on record what were their crusade of feud To commemorate To preserve the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of his and other people and more particularly.To array how they come into conflict To record the glory of Greeks To record stories even where truth is impossible (fantasises, legends) Inspired by Home and Hecateus Methodology and Technique Witness accounts value Reports Sources Interests Viewpoints Evidence Books Entertainment Evidence Observations The Mind Enquiries Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) Future Generations Peoples viewpoint/ interpretation Memories Opinions Rumours Claims Honour Home and Hecateus Orally- entertaining conflict accounts Type of History Anthropology- study of mankind EthnologyTraditions, cultures and religious stories- oracles, wonders, marvels, dreams, myths, omens, sacrifices, prophecies, fables Societies- common practices Orators, politicians, demagogues, battles and warriors Polyphonic Constructed and preserve Books- customs, legends, history and tradition (The Histories) War between Persia and Greece Social and literary biography Similar work style from predecessors (Homer and Hecateus oral historians) Knowledge from his extensive travels Consulted witnesses and examined whenever possible and dreams, oracles and portents His opinion on plausible reports from implausible onesIntention of publishing hence organism bias (perspective) Poetry (exaggeration) Impact of the historian on historiography Set a standard no matter what (guidelines and rules) Creation of Western historical writing admit everything/ everybody Based on research Establishes historical writing as freely economic, political and diplomatic, social, sexual, religious, military or naval History as a battleground (social, cultural, gen dered, religious, political, military An enquiry Storytelling and discipline Father of history and lies Establishes history as a mode of storytellingPost modernism Vocabulary Commemorative Divine handling Greek pride Patriotic Remembrance Perspective of elite Greek society Broad Perspective Plethora Case Study- Thucydides The historian 460BC- 400 BC Elite, wealthy, male Early military career was cut short due to plague in Athens One of Athens ten generals Failing to part with Amphipholis, he spends 20 years in exile. He returned at 404 BC. He has the opportunity to travel to both sides during the Peloponnesian War Age of the sophists- uses debates and rhetoric to deal issues Sceptical and rationalMotive and Purpose for Writing My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, moreover was done to last for ever I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a willpower for all time Wrote the history o f the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it Does not spiritualise war To record Methodology and Technique High value on eyewitness testimoniesEpisodes of himself taking part Consulted written documents Interviews of participants Does not recognise divine interventions in advance(p) historical objectivity Chronology- summers and winters Debates that he records From memory Sharp analysis of causes and nubs Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) To last through the ages Prose literature Speeches- adds realism Cross-examination Validity of their ideas on logic and rational thinking Debates Morals Type of History Political and military historyDetailed writing of military, naval battles, preparation for battles, encouraging speeches by generals, effects and consequences of war Peloponnesians War Events (no arts, literature or society) War of Greeks- disputes, col onies, war, envoys Fast moving, precise, directed, decisive, carefully structured and highly analytic Strict chronological method Monologic Constructed and recorded Sophists speeches (used debates and arguments and counter argument, view and counter view, opinion and counter opinion) ObjectiveBook- History of the Peloponnesian War Headlined and narrow events- military and political and diplomatic Impact of the historian on historiography Invention of a chronological way Developed an understanding of human nature explaining behaviours in such crises (plagues, massacres and civil war) instead on divine intervention History is based on logic and rational reasons and thinking Increased of accuracy and reliability of sources Sharp analysis of causes and effectFather of scientific history- strict standard of evidence gathering and analysing of evidence History was to learn from the past therefore making better decisions in the future Didactic- to teach Vocabulary Rhetoric of uncertainty with phrases like Devoted in evoking in detail Focus on a great historical period, a period of war Analytical No criticisms Refers to an interpretation Innovative Critical World history Case Study- Horrible Histories, Teary Deary pay off/ purpose Entertainment, monetary, childrens interest in historyMotive Make a statement (anti-authority context) as school interest in history is declining Methodology Consults historians (record, writing, collecting) Have professional actors Scripts (Performance) Series on Television (BBC) Language/ style Colourful bright colours In a humorous way Stories intimately people, in dramatic situations, with jokes Gags Imagination Impact Refocus the presentation of history to young children From being dry and dull to with humour History is now welcome to be shown on TV for children Information of history has changed dramatically Case Study- Bede

World War One To An Armistice In 1918 History Essay

introduction War One To An Armistice In 1918 History EssayThe also-ran of the bound offensive in 1918 indicated that Germanys military defeat was imminent. The collapse of Bulgaria and the desperate situation on the Western Front, which was only made worse by the intervention of the American troops, made the Germans chair further steps. The German military leaders feared an absolute collapse of the front and that the enemies could make their way farther and could thus claim and take over German territory.In August 1918 the Allies fought the Germans back from their fronts and Ludendorff, a German general, had to inform the Kaiser We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance. The war must be ended. In September 1918 the German govern handst began negotiations on an armistice with the American President Woodrow Wilson whose 14-points they expected to bring about a peace treaty without withal much loss.At the end of September 1918 Bulgaria made peace and one month l ater Turkey was defeated. Austria was defeated by the Italians at Vittorio Veneto and signed an armistice with the Allies. Germany was now struggle the Allies alone. They had no other choice than to sign an armistice with the Entente in Compigne, France on November 11. This treaty marked the end of World War One. exhaustion at the frontBut where did the exhaustion at the front and the necessity of an armistice come from?The first and major reason is that the conditions the soldiers at the fronts had to live with were disastrous. They led to exhaustion and war fatigue duty.When the war began many young men rushed to join the armies to proudly fight for their fatherlands. The British government asked for 100,000 volunteers and after just one month they already had 750,000. However, the massess enthusiasm did not last. Everyone had believed the war would be over by Christmas 1914 nobody had expected they would continue fighting for four more years.War-weariness set in. People, both at the so called home front and soldiers fighting at the actual front, were tired of war and disappointed that in spite of the large loss all the armies had suffered, and the fact that not any progress had been made, there was still no end in sight.Soldiers young men of 20 years only had seen their comrades wounded and die one after the other. Either killed by the enemies bullets or bombs or slowly dying of influenza or other disease, caused by the miserable conditions in the trenches. These brave men were fighting in a futile battle, between the dead bodies of their friends, suffering from extreme temperatures and hunger. As a result of the Allied blockade beginning in 1914 German soldiers were exceedingly poorly fed. The allied navies prevented ships sailing directly to Germany providing it with anything that could be used for qualification war (including food) in order to starve the Germans until they give up and surrender.The Allies also had an overwhelming superiority in ar tillery, tanks and mechanised transport and their equipment was greatly superior. The Germans had to curse on their superior skill, but they didnt have a top-d feature command structure like the British or the French. It is said that the Germans were tactically unsurpassed, but operationally deficient and strategically inept. So it was not military prowess that led to the Armistice.A part of the German military leaders didnt want to admit their failure in the battlefield. They claimed that the German army had actually been undefeated and their failure was only due to un-American civilians and treacherous politicians at the home front stabbing their own forces in the back. This untrue theory was called stab-in-the-back-theory (German Dolchstolegende).Exhaustion at the home frontBut it was not that people at the home front were being unpatriotic that led to the German defeat. Of course many people had lost their belief in their fatherland, but in fact it was the same exhaustion and war weariness as in the battlefield that forced the German leaders to start negotiating about an armistice.Generally the word home front indicates the inclusion of the civil universe into warfare, even if the actual front is outside of the populations lebensraum. And indeed, they were involved and suffering from the effects of the war. The biggest problem at the home front was the acute food shortage plunder hunger. The civilian population of Germany was suffering. Although the German U-Boat campaign had led to food shortages in Britain the Allied naval blockade that prevented supplies from getting into German ports hit Germany harder. tear down worse was that the shortage of food during the war had led to an inflation, a rise in the general level of prices of goods. So those little supplies of food that were available was often not affordable for the common family. Even fuel was short supply and limited.Furthermore the influenza epidemic of 1918 and 1919 killed between 20 and 4 0 million people in Europe. The so called Spanish Flu also hit German cities and claimed many lives amongst the people, who already suffered from and were weakened by the lack of food.In November 1918 the population was not willing to accept this situation anymore. Strikes and demonstrations paralysed Berlin. Workers went on strike, soldiers refused orders, and the German navy mutinied. The strike and protest spread all over the country. Within a week, there was no more German city that was not involved into the demonstrations, protests and strike developed into a revolution. On 9 November 1918 Germany was declared a democratic land, which was followed by the orchis abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.On 11 November the Armistice of Compigne was signed by Center Party deputy Matthias Erzberger. World War I was officially over.ConclusionExhaustion on the front and on the home front, not military prowess, brought World War I to an Armistice in 1918. The major reasons for the exhaustion were the large losses that the countries had suffered without making any progress. Bad conditions in the battlefield such as hunger and disease caused war weariness. Hunger and very bad living conditions caused exhaustion and war weariness on the home front. The German people was not willing to take this anymore and started a revolution in November. Germany became a republic and finally signed the Armistice of Compigne on November 11. The Great War was overAn essay by Katharina VoThe information was found at the following pageshttp//www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/ trite/history/1890_1920/end_of_great_war_rev1.shtmlhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/german_experience_01.shtmlthreehttp//www.firstworldwar.com/diaries/braveryinthefield.htmhttp//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/home_front_1914_to_1918.htmhttp//de.internationalism.org/Welt150_nov1918

Clinical Objectives Of The Operating Room Nursing Essay

Clinical Objectives Of The Operating Room Nursing EssayThe Pre-operative give suck has m whatever duties to perform for their tolerants prior to surgery. Patients usu totallyy go through and through the discernment Clinic prior to organism transported to the Out longanimous facilities. However, if tolerants do not go through the Assessment Clinic, it is the pre-operative binds duty to gather this information. The information to be gathered prior to surgery is as follows past medical annals, last flu/pneumonia vaccination, prior surgeries, assessment of various pre-existing disorders/diseases processes (such as hypertension, migraines, diabetes, heart trouble, etc.), current medications (dosage, frequency, last dose taken), name and telephone set number of a family segment, pain assessment, NPO status, assessment of any metal in or on the patients body ( sack it be removed), alcohol/tobacco/drug use, if the patient has any dentures, glasses, or contacts that need to be remo ved prior to surgery, and what mathematical operation is being done and the location of the body the procedure is to be done on.When all of the Administration Assessment is complete, the nurse then starts to prep the patient for surgery according to her duties. The pre-operative nurses progress to many duties. The nurse is to start by checking the physicians orders against the chart for the precise procedure being done. The nurse mustiness similarly ensure any lab work ordered is with in normal limits for that patient. If there is previous history of heart conditions, the patient must be cle bed through radio poundy prior to surgery the nurse is trusty for making sure all allot forms from radiology are present and signed accordingly. Prior to being administered any medications or having any invasive procedures (IV), the nurse explains the procedure to the patient and makes sure they have no questions. The nurse then ensures that all surgery consent forms are present and signe d by the patient. For any female patients that are not post-menopausal or has not had a hysterectomy, the nurse must get a urinalysis to rule out possible pregnancy prior to surgery. The nurse applies Sequential compressing Devices (SCDs) to the patients calves to help prevent blood clots during surgery. The patients respiratory status is confirmed through obtaining RR, HR and BP. The pre-operative nurse does not typically obtain these vitals as the OR aids are responsible for this however, the nurse is responsible for making sure the vitals are within normal ranges for that patient and that the patients vitals are charted.The nurse then starts the patients IV. Prior to injecting the Jelco, the nurse administers 0.1 ml of lidocaine, intro-dermally to numb the area. This helps calm the patients anxieties due to the thought of the smaller needle depicting a numbing agent before the full-size needle is inserted. If the physician has ordered a catheter prior to surgery, the nurse is responsible for carrying out these orders. This is a sterile procedure and can be performed by the pre-operative nurse. aft(prenominal)wards all of these duties have been performed, the nurse does another pain assessment on the patient. If it is deemed necessary for pain medication administration, the nurse go forth notify the physician by phone and the nurse takes a telephone medication order. It is the nurses responsibility to make sure the physician comes hind end and signs the telephone medication order that was given everyplace the phone as well as to carry out the orders as soon as she can so the patient is not in any pain. Antibiotics are almost always ordered prior to any surgery. If antibiotics are ordered, the nurse will administer through IV already established. All duties performed must be charted prior to patient being transferred to the operating room. The nurse will continue to check in on the patient periodically until the patient is taken back into surgery.Dutie s of the Intra-operative NurseOnce the patient is ready for surgery, they are transferred to the intra-operative nurse. The intra-operative nurse does a pre-op interview asking the patient of any allergies, any metals in or on the body, and if these metals can be removed. If the metal can be removed, it is the intra-operative nurses responsibility to remove it and secure it to either a family member or where ever set appropriate by said nurse. The intra-operative nurse is responsible for the patient during surgery and until they are transferred to the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). The intra-operative nurse must maintain a log of times for entering the OR, intubation, anesthesia administration, Foley catheter insertion, when surgery starts, and when surgery stops. The intra-operative nurse is the only military group in the operating room that is not sterile and therefore can leave the operating room during surgery to obtain any supplies needed such as extra sutures, emergency su pplies in case a patient codes, etc. For this reason the intra-operative nurse is called the Circulator.The intra-operative nurse assists the anesthesiologist with placements of the intubation tube and the naso-gastric tube. Blood pressure cuff, EKG (3 Lead), and Pulse Ox are all given up to the patient by the intra-operative nurse. The nurse applies a sticky Bovie pad to the patients outside, upper thigh. The Bovie sends probes of electricity through the patients body during surgery which cauterizes the patients veins and helps minimize bleeding. This is the reason for removing any metal prior to surgery.Once the patient is under anesthesia, the nurse is responsible for correctly positioning the patient on the operating table according to the procedure being performed and maintaining the patients safety during surgery. Once positioning is correct, the nurse begins to prep the patient for surgery. This includes cleaning the surgical area, as well as, any areas nearby that could con taminate the surgical procedure or compromise the sterile field. The prep solution of choice for this facility is Betadine. The nurse cleans the surgical site and surrounding areas three times with the prep solution, development a fresh prep sponge each time and patted the area with sterile drape cloths in between each cleansing. The intra-operative nurse also meat hooks up the suction canisters and preps a bag of normal saline apply for irrigation. The intra-operative nurse is also responsible for counting all instruments and sponges before surgery, before suturing, and after suturing. All of these duties are performed before the attending physician enters the operating room.Once the surgeon enters the room, the intra-operative nurse assists him/her with donning sterile gloves, gown, and mask and a clipping Out is performed. The Time out procedure consists of item verbal reports between the intra-operative nurse, the anesthesiologist, and the surgeon. Patient ID is established through chart, arm band, and stating aloud by the intra-operative nurse. The procedure is read aloud from the conscious consent. whatsoever imaging required prior to surgery is confirmed labeled and stated to be present. Pre-procedure antibiotics, dosage, and route are stated aloud by the intra-operative nurse. Any safety precautions such as history of drug allergies, medication uses, etc. are stated aloud by the intra-operative nurse. Once all of this information has been stated aloud, the intra-operative nurse says, Does everyone agree? at which time all personnel must say aloud, Agreed.Once surgery has begun, the nurse calls a friend or family member to inform them surgery has begun. The nurse is to call the family every hour that the patient is in the operating room. During surgery, the nurse is responsible for answering the phone, turning lights off and on, adjusting the heat energy or air conditioning, positioning any unsterile equipment, removing and reapplying any steril e garments, keeping track and charting what supplies were used for that patients procedure, and any extra equipment needed by surgical personnel during surgery for billing purposes.Also during surgery, the intra-operative nurse is to chart all times logged, any specimens (body parts) removed, sutures used, anyone present in the operating room, amount of any fluids collected through suctioning, and who performed what procedures. If any specimens were removed, the intra-operative nurse is responsible for labeling and delivering to the lab. Once all supplies are accounted for and the patient is released from the operating room, the patient is transferred to the PACU.duties of the PACU nurseI was not able to observe a nurse performing duties in the PACU, however, one of the nurses was kind enough to sit with me and explain some of their duties. Once a patient is transferred to the PACU, the PACU nurse applies a slip mask delivering oxygen and vitals are obtained every ten minutes. The vitals obtained include blood pressure, pulse ox and EKG readings. The PACU nurse must proctor the patients temperature, as well as patients hemodynamics for any rhythm changes according to the patients medical history.Patients are set up with a Patient controlled analgesic unit (PCA unit) to deliver pain medication PRN as deemed by the patient at the push of a button. The PCA unit is designed to only deliver a specific amount of pain medication regardless of how often the patient pushes the button therefore the patient is not at risk of overdosing and doesnt have to wait on the nurse to administer pain medication.If a Foley catheter hasnt been inserted yet, the PACU nurse will perform this duty as the patient will not have bathroom privileges until they are Post-op. PACU nurses cannot intubate, however, they can ex-tubate. The PACU nurse is also responsible for discontinuing arterial lines, inserting nerve blocks for pain management, and filling out all proper forms and charting. P ACU nurses can only care for a maximum of two patients at a time. However, if the patient is less than eight years of age or an Intensive Care Unit patient, then that will be the PACU nurses only patient until they are transferred to post-op. Once the patient is awake and determined to be stable, they are transferred back to Outpatient where they were prepped Pre-op.DUTIES OF THE PRE-OPERATIVE NURSEOnce patients are transferred back to Outpatient area, a Pre-operative nurse assumes responsibility for the patient until comport, but performs post-op duties. Vitals are obtained every thirty minutes by the outpatient aids, but are charted and monitored by the post-operative nurse. The nurse assesses the surgical site for bleeding or excess swelling if the site is visible. The patients pain is assessed and the PCA button is placed well within reach for the patient. The post-operative nurse checks physicians orders for discharge pain medications and calls the order into the patients pers onal pharmacy of choice. The nurse discontinues the patients IV, catheter, and SCDs. The family or whoever is providing transportation home for the patient is notified and allowed to return to the Outpatient prep area until patient is discharged. The post-operative nurse also gathers any discharge instructions as ordered by the physician and sets the post-op follow-up appointment prior to discharge. The physician will specify the criteria in which the patient must fulfill before the patient is discharged. For example, if kidney stones were zapped, the patient must void freely at least once before discharge. The post -operative nurse is responsible for ensuring that all required information in regards to forms being signed and paperwork required in medical record is present, and all charting required is complete for that patient.ONE looking at OF PATIENT TEACHINGOne aspect of patient teaching that I identified was during post-op and prior to discharge. The example I observed was whe n the post-operative nurse specified to the patient what she should expect in the days to come, specifically how to wipe after going to the bathroom, as well as specific warning signs of complications that would need immediate attention.WHAT WERE MY STRENGTHS WEAKNESSESI deliberate my strengths were first and foremost my previous, in-class instruction. I felt very informed and knew what supplies were needed and how to start an IV. Secondly, I believe my willingness to learn whatever the staff cherished to teach me without reserve is another one of my strengths.My weakness was my not understanding the jargon used by everyone. I had to repeatedly ask what all of the acronyms used stood for. It seemed that they had an acronym for everything. I believe the more clinical hours I am able to participate in, the more jargon I will learn. I also believe that taking a medical terminology class would be a tremendous asset to my education investment.

Innocent Drinks Was Formed Management Essay

absolved sop ups Was Formed Management Essay not guiltyDrinks was formed in 1998 by Richard Reed, Adam Balon and Jon Wright BBC NEWS Business, 2010. The general radical of the fellowship was to produce 100 fruit, with no water, sugar, concentrated juices or preservatives (GMID, 2012). It is excessively a firm that is synonymous with healthy lifestyles and ecological ethics. liberalDrinks is now the leader of the smoothie market (see supplement 2) in the UK, with the Coca-Cola caller-out owned a 58% of the companys stake (GMID, 2012). Moreover they sold their products in supermarkets, local shops, coffee shops and some(prenominal) former(a) outlets. Furtherto a greater extent Innocent drinks are now sold in ten European countries (Fast Track 100, 2012). Innocent shows a big interest to hit the five-a-day in order to improve publics health. Thus, the company is on the job(p) with Government consultants and nutrition specialists in order to find shipway to promote fruit con sumption ( merchandise hebdomad, 2011). They contri savee shown a big interest virtually charity and according to the companys official website they donate 10% of their profits to the charity, the majority of which goes to the innocent foundation. Foundation is currently load-bearing(a) sixteen partner considers mainly in countries where innocent drinks supplies its fruit. They revolve about on agricultural, because company believes that people should use the natural resources in order to enable a better future (Innocent website, 2012 b). The company emphasise that it is workers show compliance for the environment and all the fruits used are 100% eco-friendly produced (Innocent website, 2012 b). Additionally the company have win some awards such as World Juice Award Foodnews World Juice Award for best new product (Apple Juice) on 2011 and Marketing Week Effectiveness Award for New Product of the Year (Kids) on 2010 (Innocent website, 2012 b). In general, smoothie market had a growth in cut-rate sales and the forecasts were positive until 2007. heretofore due the economic crisis the consumers modified their shopping list and the revised forecast are not encouraging for the future according to Mintel report in 2009 (see Appendix 1).Figure 1 Business excellence model (Adapted from University of Cambridge Publications, 2012)http//www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/uploads/Research/CSP/Modified_Large.pngThe business excellence models are frameworks that when operated indoors an organisation kindle help to contract ideas and fulfill in a more systemical and structured way that should guide employees to increase their performance.Moreover those frameworks help the company to introduce its HRM practices and also apply them more effectively.HRM Practices-Best PracticesAccording to Marchington and Wilkinson (2005), best practice HRM is capable of being used in any organisation, irrespective of product market situation, industry, or workforce. There are many activities which human resource is focused on. Examples of HRM practices are recruitment and selection, training and development, employee wellbeing, negotiation, health and safety, birthment and reciprocate etc. (Foot and Hook, 2011). The two human resource practices that the Innocent focus on are the Training and Development and Payment and Reward.Training and DevelopmentFigure 2 Interaction between different levels of development requirements and the wider corporate proviso process (Adapted from Investors in People, 2012 a)There are several methods to achieve the employees progress which are usually extent according to sector and size of the company. The progress within the company can be individually or team based. Additionally the employer has to take into consideration that the development starts form the organisation then moves to the department and last to the individual (Figure 1). Moreover there is a several methods for the company when it is considering the training and developm ent of both decision-making and non-decision making personnel. The firm can give emphasis to ballock training procedures and self-development in order to achieve an improved standard for its employees. The table below illustrates information about the most effective methods for employees to learn. It is remarkable that the majority of them prefer to learn in the work place which Innocent provides during the induction compulsory programme. Employees prefer to learn during the work period instead of self-study through cut throughs and work experience. regularityPercentageOn the job41Formal Courses21The experience of work15Coaching/ Mentoring10Informal help from colleagues7 different4E-learning2Self-study in own time1Table 1 Most Effective way for people to learn (Adapted from CIPD, 2007)The Innocent Company engages this HRM practice and supports it in several ways in order to encourage its employees to work to in the maximum level of their mightiness. Thus, those practices can act as examples of ways of maximising employee performance.Firstly, the introduction of an induction programme is necessary of a smaller company, whereas a grater company might be providing series of training programmes (Investors in People, 2008). Innocent provides two week induction programme in addition to other courses. For example the Innocent Drinks Company provides two compulsory training programs for its employees such as the innocent academy and the innocent business academy. However, the company provides optional programmes such as Managing your own development and Building expertise in what you do (Innocent website, 2012 b). coercive coursesThe innocent academy This is a two day compulsory programme which helps the employee to familiarise with the work environment. This induction course equips the employee with uncomplicated tools and ideas. The general aim of this course is to help the new member of the company to be more valuable and efficient to the workplace. Moreover th is is a great opportunity for the employee to meet people who whitethorn work way with on a daily basis. Furthermore the employee can listen to the older employees and get a general idea about working in Innocent (Innocent website, 2012 b).The innocent Business Academy (IBA) This is an additional two day course. The companys plan is to teach core business skills to its future employees, for example project management and financial skills. This course occur during the first year at innocent, in case of the employee is at manager level or beyond (Innocent website, 2012 b). ex gratia CoursesManaging Your Own Development These courses run during the year. They are optional courses designed to give to the employees additional information, guidelines and useful tools in order to managing their ideas, strategies and strengths in addition to planning the attached move (Innocent website, 2012 b).Building expertise in what you do The Company is divided to many small teams. Each team has an a im to do its best to discombobulate the Innocent to the highest level. For example sales team focuses to the methods of negotiation, and technical team focus on the latest methods for keeping the drinks safe from bacteria and microbes. Moreover some other teams have to study for professional exams in order to improve their skills (Innocent website, 2012 b).Payment and Reward for EmployeesAccording to CIPD (2009), approximately a quarter of employers have a reward strategy in their company. Based on Investors in People (2012 b), there are several ways of rewarding people such as one-off subvention payments for personal performance, commissions, performance related pay, profit related pay, competency based pay, employee contribution scheme, benefits and non financial approaches.One-off bonus payments for personal performance In addition to stipend each employee can get an extra bonus for the exercise of the every year name and addresss.Commission This reward refers more to the sales team. The commission price depends on their achievement of effective sell methods.Performance related pay This method reflects not only outcomes or output but also actual performance in the work (MacKenna and Beech, 2008). Increases level of basic pay based on overall personal performance, rather than as a one-off payment.Profit related pay The employees pay and bonuses may be straight related to the companys profit or the achievement of effective targets. Principally employees would be given a motivation to work harder, and in high profit times for the company they will earn the rewards, though in bad times they would share the companys collapse. However it is viable for the employer to design a strategy in order to protect the employees when profits decreased (MacKenna and Beech, 2008).Competency based pay Rewards can based on employees work, skills and attitude, and not only when the goal has achieved because sometimes is out of their control in several circumstances.Empl oyee share scheme Frequently used to link performance and long service to possession of the company. The method of offering share ownership to employees can include an individual financial value in the success of the company, as a part owner as well as an employee benefits.Non-financial approaches This is an excellent performance and a motivation to take on more responsibility might dumbfound the employer to think a possible promotion or extra responsibility for an employee.Innocent adapts this HRM practice, and support the general idea of Payment and Reward. This practice is designed to inspire employees to work to the best of their ability and consequently is an example of method to maximising employee performance.The company organises meetings every week and the employees have the chance to talk about the topics which arise. Based in Innocent Drink company people who contribute more in the company get the highest salary and rewards. Every year the salary of each employee is rev iewed and based on the annually high performance is rewarded by increasing ability to receive. Moreover the PRP Bonusis an annually reward (Innocent website, 2012 b). If the yearly goals are successfully reached all the employees has the chance to share in the success. Furthermore all the employees have a private health care as well as life assurance and critical ailment cover. Additionally there are tax preservation schemesin order to help people to save money where possible through tax saving system, for example they run the childcare coupon scheme (Innocent website, 2012 b). An once a year scholarship is offered by the company for an employee, in order to work in one of their foundation projects. Moreover the company organised different clubs such as massage, cake club and Cheese Club. The best employee of the month has to wear hat or tiara and many cups of tea. Finally there are free smoothies for every employee, free breakfast and a weekly beer party every Friday (Innocent we bsite, 2012 b). The company wants to clear a friendly environment for its employees in order to increase the productivity and the will for work.3. Employment Law-LegislationAccording to CIPD (2012), employment law refers to the legal rights of employees and employers. A honk of employee rights are protected by employment law. Those formulas are either provided by European Union or by UK government. European Union can make suggestions for employment law and its members can vote against or can enact them. However some common employee rights such as those that encourage improvements related to health and safety must adopted by all members , including those members who vote against them (Foot and Hook ,2011). Moreover a general role which applied to all EU countries is the regulation which specifies to a maximum of 48 weekly working hours (Foot and Hook, 2011). According to the Equality Act 2010, no employee has to be discriminated about age, disability, gender reassignment, race, re ligion or belief, waken, cozy orientation, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity (ACAS, 2010). This law became to practice in October 2010 (ACAS, 2010).Two examples of the Equality Act 2010Employers have to design policies to encourage equal opportunities (Foot and Hook, 2011). They also have to train and inform the managers and the employees and ensure that no discrimination is occurring in the work environment (Foot and Hook, 2011). According to the Equality Act 2010, it is illegal for employers to discriminate because of anything of the above (ACAS, 2012). Discrimination is divided in four categories. Firstly, directdiscrimination occurs when an employer or employee treat someone less positively because of their actual or perceived rouse or because of the sex of someone with whom they relate. Secondly indirect discrimination can happen where the company has a policy, training or actions that apply to all employees, but particularly disadvantage employees of a specific sex (ACAS, 2012). Thirdly, harassment occurs when unnecessary behaviourrelated to sex has the reason or consequence of violating a persons arroganceor creating an unapproachable,antagonistic, humiliating, embarrassing or unpleasant environment. Fourthly victimisation is the unreasonable behaviour of an employee who has made or supported a criticism about sex discrimination (ACAS, 2012). As well as sex discrimination, race discrimination occurs under four categories. Race discrimination can occur because of colour, race, nationality, citizenship, ethnic or national origin are illegal (ACAS, 2012).InnocentInnocent alight with the equality act and also it respect people from different race. For example Innocent foundation is currently supporting sixteen projects principally in countries whereinnocent drinks get its fruit (Innocent website, 2012 b). They give work to the local people with an agriculture focus in order to motivate them to use the natural sources. This move sh ows respect and equality between employees. Moreover Innocent provides work opportunities for both genders with equal pay, therefrom the company engaged with the Equality act 2010. No evidence found about discrimination or similar action from any employer at Innocent.Recommendations-Ideas for advancementThe company has to think about children nutrition (see Appendix 2), in order to decrease its high acid and sugar levels (Nexis, 2012). Innocent can organise conferences about sugar and acid levels and through the Training and Development HRM practice can develop employees knowledge about this key issue for a company which claims that is selling healthy drinks. Through this action the firm can improve its general comment and also can show respect to the consumers.An additional recommendation can be the cooperation with a health promoting organisation or restaurant instead of McDonalds with which the company had cooperation the last five years (see Appendix 2). The cooperation with McDonalds had a bad reflection to the consumer and the firm can essentially represent its first idea which was the production of healthy drinks (Marketing Week, 2007 b). In order to succeed this cooperation the company has to encourage its personnel and motivate them through the different HRM practices such as Payment and Reward.5. ConclusionTo conclude Innocent applies the current HRM practices and current legislation effectively. According to their website and the information which are provided by the company employees are working in a friendly environment and they have many options to improve their performance through the HRM practices. Furthermore the company shows respect to the different race and gender, thus they follow the current employment law end especially the Equality Act 2010. Moreover by following the recommendations, the company can develop its functioning through employees ideas and actions as the business excellence model illustrates (Figure 1).6. ReferencesACAS, ( 2010), The Equality Act 2010, Online. give way accessed on 22 October 2012 at http//www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3017ACAS, (2012), consultative handbook The A-Z of work, Online. outlast accessed on 4 November 2012 at http//www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=857BBC News Business,(2010), Richard Reed, Innocent Drinks, Online. remnant accessed on 21 October 2012 at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11551271Britvic, (2012). Soft Drinks Report Data. Online. finale accessed on 30 October 2012 at http//www.britvic.co.uk/reports/Soft-Drinks-Report-Data-2012.indd/index.html/1/zoomedCIPD, (2012), Online. Last accessed on 17 October 2012 at http//www.cipd.co.uk/Fast Track 100, (2012). Last accessed on 30 October 2012 at http//www.fasttrack.co.uk/fasttrack/leagues/dbfastDetails.asp?siteID=1compID=1378yr=2008GMID, (2012), Online. Innocent Drinks Co Ltd in Soft Drinks (United Kingdom),Last accessed on 21 October 2012 at http//www.portal.euromonitor.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/Portal/Pag es/Search/SearchResultsList.aspxDesign Council, (2012), Innocent Drinks creative culture and strong brand. Online Last accessed on 22 October 2012 at http//www.designcouncil.org.uk/case-studies/innocent-drinks/Innocent website, (2012 a), Full Sustainability report, Online Last accessed on 22 October 2012 at http//assets.innocentdrinks.co.uk/innocentsustainability.pdfInnocent website, (2012 b), Online, Last accessed on 22 October 2012 at http//www.innocentdrinks.co.ukInvestors in People, (2008), Evaluate training and development, Online, Last accessed on 4 November 2012 at http//www.investorsinpeople.co.uk/Documents/Interactive/Developing%20people/DP21.pdfInvestors in People, (2012 a), How to analyse your teams development needs, Online, Last accessed on 4 November 2012 at http//www.investorsinpeople.co.uk/Documents/Interactive/Developing%20people/How%20to%20Analyse%20Your%20Teams%20Development%20Needs.pdfInvestors in People, (2012 b), Rewarding People, Online, Last accessed on 4 Nov ember 2012 at http//www.investorsinpeople.co.uk/Documents/Interactive/Managing%20performance/Rewarding%20People.pdfMarchington M, Wilkinson A.,(2005),Human Resource Management, High Commitment HRM and Performance,71-98, CIPD, Online. Last accessed on 1 November 2012 at http//www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/7FE8ADEB-EA96-4836-83DD-2E95FD309B15/0/samplech3.pdfMacKenna E., Beech N. (2008). Human Resource Management. A Concise Analysi. 2nd edition Prentice HallMarketing Week, (2007 a). McDonalds to trial sale of Innocent smoothies. Online, Last accessed on 31 October 2012 at http//www.marketingweek.co.uk/mcdonalds-to-trial-sale-of-innocent-smoothies/2056106.articleMarketing Week, (2007 b). Innocent guilty of sell-out? , Online, Last accessed on 1 November 2012 at http//web.ebscohost.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f4ff9d99-0c5d-47f9-8745-45e97cb0c6b5%40sessionmgr112vid=8hid=128Marketing Week, (2011).Innocent lobbies Govt to promote five-a-day. Online, Last accessed on 30 October 2012 at http//www.marketingweek.co.uk/innocent-lobbies-govt-to-promote-five-a-day/3024563.articleMarketing Week, (2012 a). Innocent encourages kids to be gardeners, Online, Last accessed on 30 October 2012 at http//www.marketingweek.co.uk/news/innocent-encourages-kids-to-be-gardeners/4000213.articleMintel,(2009). Market Re-Forecasts Food and Drink 2009 Smoothies., Online, Last accessed on 31 October 2012 at http//academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=227765/display/id=447522atom0Mintel, (2012), Online. Last accessed on 17 October 2012 at http//academic.mintel.comMintel, (2011), Smoothies, Executive Summary UK October 2011. Online. Last accessed on 17 October 2012 at http//academic.mintel.com/display/545342/?highlight=trueNexis, (2012 a), High acid levels in juice bad for your kid s teeth, Online. Last accessed on 17 October 2012 at http//www.lexisnexis.comNexis, (2012 b), High level of acid in fruit drinks may harm teeth enamel. Online . Last accessed on 17 October 2012 at http//www.lexisnexis.comReynolds J. (2012), McDonalds ditches Innocent Smoothies, Marketing Mgazine, Online. Last accessed on 1 November 2012 at http//www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/1145352/McDonalds-ditches-Innocent-Smoothies/Foot M, and Hook C,(2011), Introducing Human Resource Management, 6th Edition, FT Prentice HallThe food and grocery store experts, (2009). Innocent drinks measuring their carbon footprint from farm to fridge to the recycling bin, Online. Last accessed on 1 November 2012 at http//www.igd.com/index.asp?id=1fid=1sid=5tid=49folid=0cid=924University of Cambridge publications, 2012, Developing Business Excellence beat for Performance Measurement in Transitional Economies,Online. Last accessed on 5 November 2012 at http//www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/csp/excellence/7. Appendices

Oedipus the King: A Tragic Hero Essays -- Literary Analysis

In most dramatic plays, tragedy usually strikes the protagonist of the play and leads him, or her, to experience devastating losses. While tragic instances can be avoided, there are other instances where ones fate and future is out of the protagonists control. In Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles and first performed around 249 BC, Oedipus cannot escape his destiny and even though he tries to overcome and circumvent prophecy, he finds out that supernatural forces will get what they indispensableness in the end. Oedipus meets the criteria of a tragic hero set forth by Aristotle and his fate within the play demonstrates that one does not always have secrete will in their lives.Traditionally, in Greek drama, tragedy is meant to reaffirm the concept that life is worth living and that people are in constant adversary with the universe. Action within Greek tragedies commonly comes from inner conflicts. These actions are also intended to create feelings of pity and fear within an individual (Greek theater History Notes, 2011). Greek tragedy also holds that the hero of the play, who is a good person yet not perfect, must fall from his or her position of nobility, grace, or power. Additionally, Greek tragedy contends that the audience must experience catharsis after tragic events happen and that the hero is left to face the world by him or herself (Greek Theatre History Notes). Aristotle defined tragedy as, An imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude in language embellished with each kind of esthetical ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play in the form of action, not of narrative with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its katharsis of much(prenominal) e... ...ory of Tragedy in the POETICS. Ed. Barbara F. McManus. November 1999. Web. 18 April 2012.Brown, Larry. Aristotle on Greek Tragedy. 2005. Web. 18 April 2012.Character Archetypes. Listology. 15 February 2006. W eb. 18 April 2012. Gantz, Timothy. Early Greek Myth. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Print.Greek Theatre History Notes. Web. 18 April 2012.Greek Tragic Drama. Memphis University School. Web. 18 April 2012.Loy, Jim. The Riddle of the Sphinx. 2002. Web. 18 April 2012.Myths and Archetypes. In Search of Myths and Heroes. PBS. November 2005. Web. 18 April 2012.Oedipus the King. Classical Humanities 222, Bucknell University. Spring 1999. Web. 18 April 2012.Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Web. 18 April 2012.Struck, Peter T. Oedipus as Tragic Hero. 2009. Web. 18 April 2012.Tragedy The Basics. Web. 18 April 2012.

Cold War and Its Effects Essay -- World History

The end of the cold war signified a new succession of history that has changed the entire world. The face of Europe and Asia has changed dramatically. Vast changes have been matte socially, regimeally, and especially economically. Also the effect the cold war had on foreign policy was paramount. The effect of these changes is not only felt across the ocean but stand be felt here in America. The goal of this paper is to go down what the cold war specifically was, and reflect upon the various choices throughout the world as a result of the end of the cold war.The cold war was a period of time in which the United States was the world power in the western world. The Soviet nitty-gritty (now Russia) was the leading power in the eastern world. art object this would seem typical in any planet to have two world powers this case is extremely interesting because they had different organizational structures that were completely the opposite. On one hand there was America. We are a free market economy that is defined as being capitalist. Capitalism is a social and political system that means every person must fend for themselves. This is true economically and politically. Each individual has the ability to do whatever they choose with their life. They can make their own choices, and move wherever they want. While there are laws, the government has no say so over things that we take for granted daily such as freedom of expression, religion, the right to bear arms, and even march down the street in support of the Ku Klux Klan if you so chooseThe Soviet Union at that time was represented by a form of governmental control called communism. Communism was formed by a man named Karl Marx. The belief is that the government should control ev... ... It all comes down to choice. After the Cuban missile crisis ended both superpowers realized the severe consequences of nuclear war. They knew the implications involved, and religion was not the issue. Th e Russian government suppressed it to an extent. It was humanity. What good would it do to blow up the earth? What good did it do to drop atomic bombs on Japan? Imagine what Bush felt on Sept. 11 and the choices he made to vow that this would not happen again. These are all choices that countries think about everyday, and the cold war is the latest and nigh powerful example of something that almost ended the world.Referenceshttp//www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/03so/03sowall.htm, After the Cold War, by Mitchell B. Wallerstein, 11 rapscallions.Twentieth Century World History, by William J. Duikker, 1999, Wadsworth Publishing, page 337 and page 166.