History revision Essay Example for Free

History revision EssayHistory- What historians chose to interpret from the surviving evidence of the ago Source + Historians = Histories All historians have their own views and interests due to their upbringing thence that the process of selection and interpretation distorts our knowledge further. Issues in historiography Training of historians Objectivity in business relationship Oral societies and tale Problems of historical research Universal history Evidence- selection Source- How? Truth- Consensuses Context/ Perspectives Selection- Who decides? Interpretation RevisionIdeology- Reputation, perspective, emerging ideas, lack of evidence Language and technique- To place emphasis and how historians chose to say methodology- How the way you put the sources? (cross-examine, verification) Facts in history History from above or below Motive Judgement- Whose? Audience Linguistics History and Ideology- Political beliefs influence Explicit vs. Implicit Something clearly or implie d path of literature- poems, speech What are historical facts? Carl Becker 1. History is subjective- personal desires and prejudices (history changes along with societys values) 2.History is interpreted differently between people (interpreting what in the past is though) 3. History cannot be re-enacted as a series of events 4. History is written on how much the Historian can extract from the evidence and his knowledge- background, audience, purpose, motive. 5. History is pre-occupied with ratty and hard facts and not small detail (the obvious history) Case Study Herodotus The historian Born at Halicarnassus (485 BC 425 BC) Exiled due to conspiring against Persians Merchant and traveller Hellenic Historian Cannot be free form bias (critical judgement)Educated (upper class) Harnessed ill feelings towards Persian Motive and Purpose for Writing These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance o f what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the foreigners from losing their due need of glory and to put on record what were their crusade of feud To commemorate To preserve the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of his and other people and more particularly.To array how they come into conflict To record the glory of Greeks To record stories even where truth is impossible (fantasises, legends) Inspired by Home and Hecateus Methodology and Technique Witness accounts value Reports Sources Interests Viewpoints Evidence Books Entertainment Evidence Observations The Mind Enquiries Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) Future Generations Peoples viewpoint/ interpretation Memories Opinions Rumours Claims Honour Home and Hecateus Orally- entertaining conflict accounts Type of History Anthropology- study of mankind EthnologyTraditions, cultures and religious stories- oracles, wonders, marvels, dreams, myths, omens, sacrifices, prophecies, fables Societies- common practices Orators, politicians, demagogues, battles and warriors Polyphonic Constructed and preserve Books- customs, legends, history and tradition (The Histories) War between Persia and Greece Social and literary biography Similar work style from predecessors (Homer and Hecateus oral historians) Knowledge from his extensive travels Consulted witnesses and examined whenever possible and dreams, oracles and portents His opinion on plausible reports from implausible onesIntention of publishing hence organism bias (perspective) Poetry (exaggeration) Impact of the historian on historiography Set a standard no matter what (guidelines and rules) Creation of Western historical writing admit everything/ everybody Based on research Establishes historical writing as freely economic, political and diplomatic, social, sexual, religious, military or naval History as a battleground (social, cultural, gen dered, religious, political, military An enquiry Storytelling and discipline Father of history and lies Establishes history as a mode of storytellingPost modernism Vocabulary Commemorative Divine handling Greek pride Patriotic Remembrance Perspective of elite Greek society Broad Perspective Plethora Case Study- Thucydides The historian 460BC- 400 BC Elite, wealthy, male Early military career was cut short due to plague in Athens One of Athens ten generals Failing to part with Amphipholis, he spends 20 years in exile. He returned at 404 BC. He has the opportunity to travel to both sides during the Peloponnesian War Age of the sophists- uses debates and rhetoric to deal issues Sceptical and rationalMotive and Purpose for Writing My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, moreover was done to last for ever I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a willpower for all time Wrote the history o f the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it Does not spiritualise war To record Methodology and Technique High value on eyewitness testimoniesEpisodes of himself taking part Consulted written documents Interviews of participants Does not recognise divine interventions in advance(p) historical objectivity Chronology- summers and winters Debates that he records From memory Sharp analysis of causes and nubs Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) To last through the ages Prose literature Speeches- adds realism Cross-examination Validity of their ideas on logic and rational thinking Debates Morals Type of History Political and military historyDetailed writing of military, naval battles, preparation for battles, encouraging speeches by generals, effects and consequences of war Peloponnesians War Events (no arts, literature or society) War of Greeks- disputes, col onies, war, envoys Fast moving, precise, directed, decisive, carefully structured and highly analytic Strict chronological method Monologic Constructed and recorded Sophists speeches (used debates and arguments and counter argument, view and counter view, opinion and counter opinion) ObjectiveBook- History of the Peloponnesian War Headlined and narrow events- military and political and diplomatic Impact of the historian on historiography Invention of a chronological way Developed an understanding of human nature explaining behaviours in such crises (plagues, massacres and civil war) instead on divine intervention History is based on logic and rational reasons and thinking Increased of accuracy and reliability of sources Sharp analysis of causes and effectFather of scientific history- strict standard of evidence gathering and analysing of evidence History was to learn from the past therefore making better decisions in the future Didactic- to teach Vocabulary Rhetoric of uncertainty with phrases like Devoted in evoking in detail Focus on a great historical period, a period of war Analytical No criticisms Refers to an interpretation Innovative Critical World history Case Study- Horrible Histories, Teary Deary pay off/ purpose Entertainment, monetary, childrens interest in historyMotive Make a statement (anti-authority context) as school interest in history is declining Methodology Consults historians (record, writing, collecting) Have professional actors Scripts (Performance) Series on Television (BBC) Language/ style Colourful bright colours In a humorous way Stories intimately people, in dramatic situations, with jokes Gags Imagination Impact Refocus the presentation of history to young children From being dry and dull to with humour History is now welcome to be shown on TV for children Information of history has changed dramatically Case Study- Bede